{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900855421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","title":"Very Hard Electoral Control Problems","display_name":"Very Hard Electoral Control Problems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900855421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","mag":"2900855421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","pdf_url":"https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4021/3899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4021/3899","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046438962","display_name":"Zack Fitzsimmons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5147-9646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107139065","display_name":"College of the Holy Cross","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwp6855","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zack Fitzsimmons","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of the Holy Cross","College of the Holy Cross ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of the Holy Cross","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of the Holy Cross ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071803397","display_name":"Edith Hemaspaandra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-626X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edith Hemaspaandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology","Rochester Institute Of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute Of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066703751","display_name":"Alexander Hoover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8812-0354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Hoover","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago","University of Chicago (  )"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago (  )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077178084","display_name":"David E. Narv\u00e1ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3704-1060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David E. Narv\u00e1ez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology","Rochester Institute Of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute Of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046438962"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00320783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"01","first_page":"1933","last_page":"1940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial-hierarchy","display_name":"Polynomial hierarchy","score":0.774938702583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.7683440446853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigma","display_name":"Sigma","score":0.7427308559417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.6152930855751038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5441927909851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5300872921943665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.5257109999656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.4823538661003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.439981609582901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.424460232257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.37621864676475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.34201762080192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34050124883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33970674872398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3294869661331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3163975179195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22945746779441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15352743864059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12170031666755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.0784246027469635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07363924384117126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776013622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2103021","display_name":"Polynomial hierarchy","level":3,"score":0.774938702583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.7683440446853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512234","display_name":"Sigma","level":2,"score":0.7427308559417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.6152930855751038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5441927909851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5300872921943665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5257109999656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.4823538661003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.439981609582901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.424460232257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.37621864676475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.34201762080192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34050124883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33970674872398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3294869661331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3163975179195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22945746779441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15352743864059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12170031666755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0784246027469635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07363924384117126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","pdf_url":"https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4021/3899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.05438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05438","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.05438","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2900855421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.05438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.05438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.05438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011933","pdf_url":"https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4021/3899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5067927243","display_name":"GRADUATE RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM","funder_award_id":"1102937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8866875000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1102937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2900855421.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2900855421.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31301090","https://openalex.org/W170447349","https://openalex.org/W1485836178","https://openalex.org/W1595189656","https://openalex.org/W1598028160","https://openalex.org/W1633347946","https://openalex.org/W1752491870","https://openalex.org/W1753839785","https://openalex.org/W1971005895","https://openalex.org/W1973023438","https://openalex.org/W1996184580","https://openalex.org/W1998732904","https://openalex.org/W2007464118","https://openalex.org/W2013372570","https://openalex.org/W2023411822","https://openalex.org/W2025604370","https://openalex.org/W2039887949","https://openalex.org/W2051834357","https://openalex.org/W2057573268","https://openalex.org/W2058277150","https://openalex.org/W2065251436","https://openalex.org/W2066051963","https://openalex.org/W2071784417","https://openalex.org/W2074130324","https://openalex.org/W2091138122","https://openalex.org/W2095940121","https://openalex.org/W2134297689","https://openalex.org/W2140897975","https://openalex.org/W2143893055","https://openalex.org/W2169808787","https://openalex.org/W2233988666","https://openalex.org/W2273120672","https://openalex.org/W2276017294","https://openalex.org/W2295882966","https://openalex.org/W2318031348","https://openalex.org/W2328184904","https://openalex.org/W2411666486","https://openalex.org/W2488722845","https://openalex.org/W2496580970","https://openalex.org/W2570387407","https://openalex.org/W2620961724","https://openalex.org/W2761185880","https://openalex.org/W6601299329","https://openalex.org/W6606827046","https://openalex.org/W6628822037","https://openalex.org/W6636646056","https://openalex.org/W6636995052","https://openalex.org/W6642561173","https://openalex.org/W6649304778","https://openalex.org/W6660531578","https://openalex.org/W6663551255","https://openalex.org/W6664599108","https://openalex.org/W6665431899","https://openalex.org/W6666731809","https://openalex.org/W6668100639","https://openalex.org/W6673559633","https://openalex.org/W6674644223","https://openalex.org/W6680953554","https://openalex.org/W6697338396","https://openalex.org/W6721425529","https://openalex.org/W6721819170","https://openalex.org/W6722524494","https://openalex.org/W6750119214","https://openalex.org/W6756207703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153637173","https://openalex.org/W2369575914","https://openalex.org/W2168763379","https://openalex.org/W2467993439","https://openalex.org/W2005801770","https://openalex.org/W2499511278","https://openalex.org/W2969003623","https://openalex.org/W2031203957","https://openalex.org/W1005479877","https://openalex.org/W1964410812","https://openalex.org/W2900095283","https://openalex.org/W2402235836","https://openalex.org/W3127722798","https://openalex.org/W2057512592","https://openalex.org/W2156369551","https://openalex.org/W2068873365","https://openalex.org/W2098066196","https://openalex.org/W1967415230","https://openalex.org/W1602668715","https://openalex.org/W2510208335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,42,48,76,87,102,129],"important":[2],"to":[3,131],"understand":[4],"how":[5],"the":[6,20,23,39,94,98],"outcome":[7],"of":[8,22,97,107],"an":[9,15,139],"election":[10,32,53],"can":[11],"be":[12],"modified":[13],"by":[14],"agent":[16],"with":[17],"control":[18,26,47,75],"over":[19],"structure":[21],"election.":[24],"Electoral":[25],"has":[27],"been":[28],"studied":[29],"for":[30,35,72,90,114,122,141],"many":[31,60],"systems,":[33,54],"but":[34,63],"all":[36],"these":[37],"systems":[38,74],"winner":[40,65],"problem":[41],"in":[43,49,69,78,81,134],"P,":[44],"and":[45,80,136],"so":[46],"NP.":[50,70],"There":[51],"are":[52,67],"such":[55,73],"as":[56],"Kemeny,":[57],"that":[58,85,110],"have":[59],"desirable":[61],"properties,":[62],"whose":[64],"problems":[66,117,133],"not":[68,77,119],"Thus":[71],"NP,":[79],"fact":[82],"we":[83,137],"show":[84],"it":[86],"typically":[88],"complete":[89],"\u2211p2":[91],"(i.e.,":[92],"NPNP,":[93],"second":[95],"level":[96,106],"polynomial":[99],"hierarchy).":[100],"This":[101],"a":[103],"very":[104],"high":[105],"complexity.":[108],"Approaches":[109],"perform":[111],"quite":[112],"well":[113],"solving":[115],"NP":[116],"do":[118],"necessarily":[120],"work":[121],"\u2211p2-complete":[123],"problems.":[124],"However,":[125],"answer":[126],"set":[127],"programming":[128],"suited":[130],"express":[132],"\u2211p2,":[135],"present":[138],"encoding":[140],"Kemeny":[142],"control.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}