{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2789037897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","title":"Learning Differences Between Visual Scanning Patterns Can Disambiguate Bipolar and Unipolar Patients","display_name":"Learning Differences Between Visual Scanning Patterns Can Disambiguate Bipolar and Unipolar Patients","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2789037897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","mag":"2789037897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/11289/11148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/11289/11148","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jonathan Chung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059207320","display_name":"Moshe Eizenman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4456-5295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moshe Eizenman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022820601","display_name":"Uros Rakita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8447-4283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uros Rakita","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068850044","display_name":"Roger S. McIntyre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-2523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger McIntyre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Networks, University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Networks, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103277729","display_name":"Peter Giacobbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6642-6221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Giacobbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Networks, University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Networks, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1545,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78070175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9279999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9279999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6682114005088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5425837635993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5362237095832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.49868083000183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48636820912361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-disorder","display_name":"Bipolar disorder","score":0.47670289874076843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4609452188014984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mood","display_name":"Mood","score":0.41538187861442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.29325661063194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.28197890520095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.1413431167602539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6682114005088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5425837635993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5362237095832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.49868083000183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48636820912361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131755","display_name":"Bipolar disorder","level":3,"score":0.47670289874076843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4609452188014984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.41538187861442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29325661063194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28197890520095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1413431167602539}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/11289/11148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/11289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/11289","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2159-5399","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11289","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/11289/11148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G944208067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"480479","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2789037897.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2789037897.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W296941733","https://openalex.org/W1501332874","https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1564369310","https://openalex.org/W1905882502","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1947481528","https://openalex.org/W1948843088","https://openalex.org/W1962530199","https://openalex.org/W1973861459","https://openalex.org/W1987373083","https://openalex.org/W1997399187","https://openalex.org/W2007266026","https://openalex.org/W2015831141","https://openalex.org/W2018290008","https://openalex.org/W2018768437","https://openalex.org/W2022700565","https://openalex.org/W2035527955","https://openalex.org/W2039914089","https://openalex.org/W2071908578","https://openalex.org/W2113090779","https://openalex.org/W2114613490","https://openalex.org/W2119162560","https://openalex.org/W2121825607","https://openalex.org/W2130847424","https://openalex.org/W2138046011","https://openalex.org/W2139420873","https://openalex.org/W2140362647","https://openalex.org/W2161282771","https://openalex.org/W2169632643","https://openalex.org/W2177350256","https://openalex.org/W2210838531","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2281654084","https://openalex.org/W2288514685","https://openalex.org/W2437041077","https://openalex.org/W2751444262","https://openalex.org/W2963078493","https://openalex.org/W2985962305","https://openalex.org/W6629028937","https://openalex.org/W6639650050","https://openalex.org/W6654678439","https://openalex.org/W6666761814","https://openalex.org/W6677203599","https://openalex.org/W6680565713","https://openalex.org/W6680578650","https://openalex.org/W6811397273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225394202","https://openalex.org/W4298287631","https://openalex.org/W2953061907","https://openalex.org/W3032952384","https://openalex.org/W3034302643","https://openalex.org/W1847088711","https://openalex.org/W3036642985","https://openalex.org/W2964335273","https://openalex.org/W1889624880","https://openalex.org/W2229372569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bipolar":[0],"Disorder":[1,6],"(BD)":[2],"and":[3,11,22,62,80,107,170,283,296,347,376,383],"Major":[4],"Depressive":[5],"(MDD)":[7],"are":[8,90,100,108,121,135],"two":[9],"common":[10,21],"debilitating":[12],"mood":[13,364],"disorders.":[14],"Misdiagnosing":[15],"BD":[16,61,79,174,269,346],"as":[17,41,381],"MDD":[18,63,81,169,271,348],"is":[19,239,326],"relatively":[20],"the":[23,33,36,44,49,84,181,184,204,207,250,263,287,290,313,316],"introduction":[24],"of":[25,35,43,78,95,131,145,186,193,198,209,216,221,245,249,265,315,318,330,353,361,372],"markers":[26],"to":[27,58,71,155,195,218,257,285,343,355,370,377],"improve":[28],"diagnostic":[29],"accuracy":[30,299],"early":[31],"in":[32,48,323,335],"course":[34],"illness":[37],"has":[38],"been":[39],"identified":[40],"one":[42],"top":[45],"unmet":[46],"needs":[47],"field.":[50],"In":[51,83],"this":[52,324],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,175],"present":[55],"novel":[56,351],"methods":[57,66],"differentiate":[59,344],"between":[60,74,260,345,358],"patients.":[64,82,349],"The":[65,223,247,350],"use":[67,333,352],"deep":[68],"learning":[69],"techniques":[70],"quantify":[72,356],"differences":[73,259,334,357],"visual":[75,86,158,228],"scanning":[76,87],"patterns":[77,88],"methods,":[85],"that":[89,134,177,225,238,253,320,329,332],"described":[91],"by":[92,123,138,254,279],"ordered":[93],"sequences":[94,120,262,289,360],"fixations":[96],"on":[97,302],"emotional":[98],"faces":[99],"encoded":[101,122],"into":[102,110],"a":[103,111,150,187,210],"lower":[104],"dimensional":[105],"space":[106],"fed":[109],"long-short":[112],"term":[113],"memory":[114],"recurrent":[115,235],"neural":[116,152,336,338],"network":[117,153,237],"(RNN).":[118],"Fixation":[119],"three":[124],"different":[125],"methods:":[126],"1)":[127],"using":[128,141,149,178,201,255,280],"semantic":[129,179],"regions":[130],"interests":[132],"(RoIs)":[133],"manually":[136],"defined":[137,143],"experts,":[139],"2)":[140],"semi-automatically":[142],"grids":[144],"RoIs,":[146,180,203],"or":[147,270,340],"3)":[148],"convolutional":[151,236],"(CNN)":[154],"automatically":[156,226],"extract":[157],"features":[159,229],"from":[160,165,190,213,230],"saliency":[161,231,281],"maps.":[162],"Using":[163],"data":[164],"47":[166],"patients":[167,172,267,362],"with":[168,173,268,275,310,363],"26":[171],"showed":[176],"RNN":[182,205],"improved":[183,206],"performance":[185,208,314],"baseline":[188,211],"classifier":[189,212,224],"an":[191,196,214,219,243],"AUC":[192,197,215,220,244],"0.603":[194],"0.878.":[199],"Similarly":[200],"grid":[202],"0.450":[217],"0.828.":[222],"extracted":[227],"maps":[232,282],"(a":[233],"long":[234],"fully":[240,294],"data-driven)":[241],"had":[242],"0.879.":[246],"results":[248],"study":[251],"suggest":[252],"RNNs":[256,354],"learn":[258],"fixation":[261,288,359],"diagnosis":[264],"individual":[266],"can":[272,292,366],"be":[273,293,367],"disambiguated":[274],"high":[276,298],"accuracy.":[277],"Moreover,":[278],"CNN":[284],"encode":[286],"method":[291],"automated":[295],"achieve":[297],"without":[300],"relying":[301],"user":[303],"expertise":[304],"and/or":[305],"manual":[306],"labelling.":[307],"When":[308],"compared":[309],"other":[311,373,378],"markers,":[312],"class":[317],"classifiers":[319],"was":[321],"introduced":[322],"paper":[325],"better":[327],"than":[328],"detectors":[331],"structures,":[337],"activity":[339],"cortical":[341],"hemodynamics":[342],"disorders":[365,375],"easily":[368],"generalized":[369],"studies":[371],"neuropsychological":[374],"fields":[379],"such":[380],"psychology":[382],"advertising.":[384]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
