{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406590766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116","title":"Societal Bias in Image Captioning: Identifying and Measuring Bias Amplification","display_name":"Societal Bias in Image Captioning: Identifying and Measuring Bias Amplification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406590766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E108.D/7/E108.D_2024EDP7116/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E108.D/7/E108.D_2024EDP7116/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068508238","display_name":"Yusuke Hirota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-9584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuke HIROTA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University","Graduate School of Information Science and Technology at Osaka University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology at Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065649079","display_name":"Yuta Nakashima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8000-3567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuta NAKASHIMA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University","Graduate School of Information Science and Technology at Osaka University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology at Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028370193","display_name":"Noa Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-6359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noa GARCIA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University","Graduate School of Information Science and Technology at Osaka University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology at Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00662359,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"E108.D","issue":"7","first_page":"784","last_page":"794"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13310","display_name":"Subtitles and Audiovisual Media","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-captioning","display_name":"Closed captioning","score":0.923911452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8059077262878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.46757012605667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45883339643478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.37967821955680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3478288948535919}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157657479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2367247","display_name":"Closed captioning","level":3,"score":0.923911452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8059077262878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46757012605667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45883339643478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37967821955680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3478288948535919}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E108.D/7/E108.D_2024EDP7116/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2024edp7116","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E108.D/7/E108.D_2024EDP7116/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4281517682","display_name":"Societal biases in vision and language applications","funder_award_id":"22K12091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6718509927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CREST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406590766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406590766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1889081078","https://openalex.org/W1895577753","https://openalex.org/W1905882502","https://openalex.org/W1956340063","https://openalex.org/W2031342017","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2133459682","https://openalex.org/W2154652894","https://openalex.org/W2155904486","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302086703","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2745461083","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2886641317","https://openalex.org/W2890680318","https://openalex.org/W2895472239","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2915268314","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2948917818","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2963084599","https://openalex.org/W2963349562","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W2990751682","https://openalex.org/W3034700241","https://openalex.org/W3035497460","https://openalex.org/W3091588028","https://openalex.org/W3113580345","https://openalex.org/W3127678221","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3153332739","https://openalex.org/W3164886736","https://openalex.org/W3172872502","https://openalex.org/W3203737321","https://openalex.org/W3214040319","https://openalex.org/W4242918116","https://openalex.org/W4281633595","https://openalex.org/W4288083803","https://openalex.org/W4312300614","https://openalex.org/W4386065345","https://openalex.org/W4386065564","https://openalex.org/W4390873716","https://openalex.org/W4393146540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,36,59,88],"study":[1,40,55],"societal":[2,28],"bias":[3,29,57,111],"amplification":[4],"in":[5,30],"image":[6,63,96],"captioning.":[7],"Image":[8],"captioning":[9,56,97],"models":[10,113],"have":[11],"been":[12],"shown":[13],"to":[14,22,54,69],"perpetuate":[15],"gender":[16],"and":[17,25,44,49,79,94,99],"racial":[18],"biases,":[19],"however,":[20],"metrics":[21],"measure,":[23],"quantify,":[24],"evaluate":[26],"the":[27,42,72,76,80,107],"captions":[31],"are":[32,114],"not":[33,67],"yet":[34],"standardized.":[35],"provide":[37],"a":[38,52],"comprehensive":[39],"on":[41,71,92,106],"strengths":[43],"limitations":[45],"of":[46,75],"each":[47],"metric,":[48],"propose":[50],"LIC,":[51],"metric":[53],"amplification.":[58],"argue":[60],"that,":[61,102],"for":[62],"captioning,":[64],"it":[65],"is":[66],"enough":[68],"focus":[70],"correct":[73],"prediction":[74],"protected":[77,108],"attribute,":[78],"whole":[81],"context":[82],"should":[83],"be":[84],"taken":[85],"into":[86],"account.":[87],"conduct":[89],"extensive":[90],"evaluation":[91],"traditional":[93],"state-of-the-art":[95],"models,":[98],"surprisingly":[100],"find":[101],"by":[103],"only":[104],"focusing":[105],"attribute":[109],"prediction,":[110],"mitigation":[112],"unexpectedly":[115],"amplifying":[116],"bias.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T06:13:28.667946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}