{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402084211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192","title":"Large Class Detection Using GNNs: A Graph Based Deep Learning Approach Utilizing Three Typical GNN Model Architectures","display_name":"Large Class Detection Using GNNs: A Graph Based Deep Learning Approach Utilizing Three Typical GNN Model Architectures","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402084211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/9/E107.D_2023EDP7192/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/9/E107.D_2023EDP7192/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778121","display_name":"Hanyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-7702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144917393","display_name":"Mongolian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02shmve39","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144917393"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"HanYu ZHANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inner Mongolia University of Science &amp; Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inner Mongolia University of Science &amp; Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144917393"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112487264","display_name":"Tomoji Kishi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoji KISHI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100778121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144917393"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8016,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78644476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"E107.D","issue":"9","first_page":"1140","last_page":"1150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.8779436945915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8672162890434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5464131832122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5363707542419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.5244731903076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4993572235107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4699951112270355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.4221116900444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4139152765274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.4125620722770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.3848290741443634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.3650858998298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2484796941280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18967276811599731}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.8779436945915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8672162890434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5464131832122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5363707542419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.5244731903076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4993572235107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4699951112270355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.4221116900444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4139152765274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.4125620722770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.3848290741443634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3650858998298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2484796941280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18967276811599731}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/9/E107.D_2023EDP7192/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7192","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/9/E107.D_2023EDP7192/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402084211.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402084211.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W649920412","https://openalex.org/W1487664366","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1997885138","https://openalex.org/W2010255648","https://openalex.org/W2039547451","https://openalex.org/W2067846816","https://openalex.org/W2084413241","https://openalex.org/W2115685157","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2137659640","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2151295763","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2780783514","https://openalex.org/W2902240649","https://openalex.org/W2947451247","https://openalex.org/W2969368867","https://openalex.org/W3133692476","https://openalex.org/W3152893301","https://openalex.org/W4309281854","https://openalex.org/W4385820184","https://openalex.org/W4390906246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187488199","https://openalex.org/W1602996893","https://openalex.org/W2111633359","https://openalex.org/W2782366913","https://openalex.org/W2119195885","https://openalex.org/W2560424246","https://openalex.org/W4252254033","https://openalex.org/W2070016297","https://openalex.org/W2034763507","https://openalex.org/W2187291489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"refactoring":[1,44],"is":[2,14,31],"an":[3,91,142,155],"important":[4,92],"process":[5],"in":[6,26,39,79],"software":[7,10,40,52,57,151],"development.":[8],"During":[9],"refactoring,":[11],"code":[12,37],"smell":[13],"a":[15,48,119,124,133],"popular":[16],"research":[17],"topic":[18],"that":[19,200],"refers":[20],"to":[21,97,106,122,169],"design":[22,132],"or":[23],"implementation":[24],"flaws":[25],"the":[27,34,67,99,108,113,146,164,171,190,201],"software.":[28],"Large":[29],"class":[30,69,103,160,186],"one":[32],"of":[33,94,101,112,127,136,194],"most":[35],"concerning":[36],"smells":[38],"refactoring.":[41],"Detecting":[42],"and":[43,59,150,162,188,208],"such":[45],"problem":[46,100],"has":[47],"profound":[49],"impact":[50],"on":[51],"quality.":[53],"In":[54,82,174],"past":[55],"years,":[56],"metrics":[58],"clustering":[60],"techniques":[61],"have":[62,74],"commonly":[63],"been":[64],"used":[65],"for":[66,158,184],"large":[68,102,185],"detection.":[70,104],"However,":[71],"deep-learning-based":[72],"approaches":[73],"also":[75],"received":[76],"considerable":[77],"attention":[78],"recent":[80],"studies.":[81,196],"this":[83],"study,":[84],"we":[85,117,131,177],"apply":[86,118,178],"graph":[87,139,144,157,165],"neural":[88],"networks":[89],"(GNNs),":[90],"division":[93],"deep":[95,114],"learning,":[96],"address":[98],"First,":[105],"support":[107],"extensive":[109],"data":[110,128],"requirements":[111],"learning":[115],"task,":[116],"semiautomatic":[120],"approach":[121,203],"generate":[123],"substantial":[125],"number":[126],"samples.":[129],"Next,":[130],"new":[134],"type":[135],"directed":[137],"heterogeneous":[138],"(DHG)":[140],"as":[141],"input":[143,156],"using":[145],"methods":[147],"similarity":[148],"matrix":[149],"metrics.":[152],"We":[153],"construct":[154],"each":[159],"sample":[161],"make":[163],"classification":[166],"with":[167,192],"GNNs":[168],"identify":[170],"smelly":[172],"classes.":[173],"our":[175],"experiments,":[176],"three":[179],"typical":[180],"GNN":[181],"model":[182],"architectures":[183],"detection":[187,210],"compare":[189],"results":[191,198],"those":[193],"previous":[195],"The":[197],"show":[199],"proposed":[202],"can":[204],"achieve":[205],"more":[206],"accurate":[207],"stable":[209],"performance.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
