{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390463218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048","title":"Inference Discrepancy Based Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation","display_name":"Inference Discrepancy Based Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390463218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/1/E107.D_2023EDP7048/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/1/E107.D_2023EDP7048/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091690989","display_name":"Lei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-7396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei ZHOU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049498516","display_name":"Ryohei Sasano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryohei SASANO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000123568","display_name":"Koichi Takeda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-4101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichi TAKEDA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3173,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65096069,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"E107.D","issue":"1","first_page":"135","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9041000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8581188917160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7391130328178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7258356213569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7033244371414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.639192521572113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6141820549964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.5552039742469788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.49001064896583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4655868113040924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.46077579259872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.43759018182754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4179916977882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0926281213760376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8581188917160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7391130328178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7258356213569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7033244371414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.639192521572113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6141820549964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.5552039742469788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.49001064896583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4655868113040924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.46077579259872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43759018182754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4179916977882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0926281213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/1/E107.D_2023EDP7048/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2023edp7048","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E107.D/1/E107.D_2023EDP7048/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390463218.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2132984949","https://openalex.org/W2143177362","https://openalex.org/W2151834591","https://openalex.org/W2162245945","https://openalex.org/W2176263492","https://openalex.org/W2256388387","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2554600978","https://openalex.org/W2563351168","https://openalex.org/W2741838462","https://openalex.org/W2767206889","https://openalex.org/W2794365787","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2898846200","https://openalex.org/W2923622379","https://openalex.org/W2933138175","https://openalex.org/W2946379889","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2964345285","https://openalex.org/W3034201598","https://openalex.org/W3034938700","https://openalex.org/W3035252911","https://openalex.org/W3099757670","https://openalex.org/W3099907503","https://openalex.org/W3101155369","https://openalex.org/W3103169714","https://openalex.org/W3103621467","https://openalex.org/W3105214104","https://openalex.org/W3113838476","https://openalex.org/W3115362515","https://openalex.org/W3186748023","https://openalex.org/W3197604377","https://openalex.org/W4385574316"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176018525","https://openalex.org/W2903533908","https://openalex.org/W3026554633","https://openalex.org/W2903810591","https://openalex.org/W4289548192","https://openalex.org/W2888520903","https://openalex.org/W2963499882","https://openalex.org/W2903399267","https://openalex.org/W2949454572","https://openalex.org/W3098873988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,94,137],"practice,":[1],"even":[2],"a":[3,48,52,97,128,133],"well-trained":[4],"neural":[5],"machine":[6],"translation":[7,157,168,201],"(NMT)":[8],"model":[9,99,109,131],"can":[10,30,100],"still":[11],"make":[12],"biased":[13],"inferences":[14],"on":[15,167],"the":[16,24,64,72,80,102,124,142,145,154,200,204],"training":[17,49,77,88,120,147],"set":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,43,70,85,92,111,118],"distribution":[21],"shifts.":[22],"For":[23],"human":[25],"learning":[26,36,61,104,125],"process,":[27],"if":[28],"we":[29,40,68,140],"not":[31],"reproduce":[32],"something":[33],"correctly":[34],"after":[35],"it":[37,42],"multiple":[38],"times,":[39],"consider":[41],"be":[44],"more":[45],"difficult.":[46],"Likewise,":[47],"example":[50,78],"causing":[51],"large":[53],"discrepancy":[54,74],"between":[55],"inference":[56,73],"and":[57,83,149,161,178],"reference":[58],"implies":[59],"higher":[60],"difficulty":[62,81],"for":[63],"MT":[65],"model.":[66,136],"Therefore,":[67],"propose":[69],"adopt":[71],"of":[75,106,127,144,156],"each":[76],"as":[79,122],"criterion,":[82],"according":[84],"which":[86],"rank":[87],"examples":[89],"from":[90],"easy":[91],"hard.":[93],"this":[95,119,138],"way,":[96],"trained":[98],"guide":[101],"curriculum":[103,129,163],"process":[105,126],"an":[107,116,151],"initial":[108],"identical":[110],"itself.":[112],"We":[113],"put":[114],"forward":[115],"analogy":[117],"scheme":[121,148],"guiding":[123],"NMT":[130],"by":[132],"pretrained":[134],"vanilla":[135],"paper,":[139],"assess":[141],"effectiveness":[143],"proposed":[146,196],"take":[150],"insight":[152],"into":[153],"influence":[155],"direction,":[158],"evaluation":[159],"metrics":[160],"different":[162],"schedules.":[164],"Experimental":[165],"results":[166],"benchmarks":[169],"WMT14":[170],"English":[171,177,184,187,190],"\u21d2":[172,176],"German,":[173,186],"WMT17":[174],"Chinese":[175],"Multitarget":[179],"TED":[180],"Talks":[181],"Task":[182],"(MTTT)":[183],"\u21d4":[185,188,191],"Chinese,":[189],"Russian":[192],"demonstrate":[193],"that":[194],"our":[195],"method":[197],"consistently":[198],"improves":[199],"performance":[202],"against":[203],"advanced":[205],"Transformer":[206],"baseline.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}