{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210543246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117","title":"Gender Recognition Using a Gaze-Guided Self-Attention Mechanism Robust Against Background Bias in Training Samples","display_name":"Gender Recognition Using a Gaze-Guided Self-Attention Mechanism Robust Against Background Bias in Training Samples","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210543246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E105.D/2/E105.D_2021EDP7117/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E105.D/2/E105.D_2021EDP7117/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054129619","display_name":"Masashi Nishiyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-3209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4588055","display_name":"Tottori University","ror":"https://ror.org/024yc3q36","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masashi NISHIYAMA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070572924","display_name":"Michiko Inoue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-5147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4588055","display_name":"Tottori University","ror":"https://ror.org/024yc3q36","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michiko INOUE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059654927","display_name":"Yoshio Iwai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2248-4563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4588055","display_name":"Tottori University","ror":"https://ror.org/024yc3q36","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshio IWAI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054129619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2776,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60441547,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"E105.D","issue":"2","first_page":"415","last_page":"426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8479441404342651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7595653533935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6905988454818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5997674465179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49170905351638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-attention","display_name":"Visual attention","score":0.4647255539894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4479871094226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.44406819343566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36267223954200745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13238531351089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.09624704718589783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8479441404342651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7595653533935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6905988454818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5997674465179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49170905351638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986089797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501338","display_name":"Visual attention","level":3,"score":0.4647255539894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4479871094226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44406819343566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36267223954200745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13238531351089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.09624704718589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E105.D/2/E105.D_2021EDP7117/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:00874:0005883202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lib.tottori-u.ac.jp/records/7210","pdf_url":"https://repository.lib.tottori-u.ac.jp/record/7210/files/ieicetise105-d%282%29_415.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:00874:0006557674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lib.tottori-u.ac.jp/records/2001640","pdf_url":"https://repository.lib.tottori-u.ac.jp/record/2001640/files/ieicetise105d%282%29_415.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lib.tottori-u.ac.jp:13736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.lib.tottori-u.ac.jp/13736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400575","display_name":"Tottori University research result repository (Tottori University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4588055","host_organization_name":"Tottori University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4588055"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2021edp7117","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transinf/E105.D/2/E105.D_2021EDP7117/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486202937","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","issn_l":"0916-8532","issn":["0916-8532","1745-1361"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1069223013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAKENHI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4227499671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAKENHI Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4636223006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7840269759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP20K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G789739273","display_name":"A Study on Automatic Estimation of Impression Attributes based on Human Visual Function","funder_award_id":"20K11864","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210543246.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210543246.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1828472411","https://openalex.org/W1910566948","https://openalex.org/W1984991349","https://openalex.org/W2064478136","https://openalex.org/W2103394661","https://openalex.org/W2111025459","https://openalex.org/W2308869522","https://openalex.org/W2386697667","https://openalex.org/W2407797316","https://openalex.org/W2519871715","https://openalex.org/W2542477303","https://openalex.org/W2594566384","https://openalex.org/W2612788259","https://openalex.org/W2625513908","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2759653627","https://openalex.org/W2759692151","https://openalex.org/W2798775284","https://openalex.org/W2804078698","https://openalex.org/W2884131745","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2886961612","https://openalex.org/W2892208919","https://openalex.org/W2896632102","https://openalex.org/W2962762462","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963495494","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2986999591","https://openalex.org/W3026128218","https://openalex.org/W3028257134","https://openalex.org/W3034885317","https://openalex.org/W3034927684","https://openalex.org/W3034964972","https://openalex.org/W3035590987","https://openalex.org/W3036438747","https://openalex.org/W3120633509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W3089421211","https://openalex.org/W2056921885","https://openalex.org/W2753186118","https://openalex.org/W2152511669","https://openalex.org/W4322630379","https://openalex.org/W2589004002","https://openalex.org/W2944285124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"an":[2,42,100],"attention":[3,30,48,72,78,101,119],"mechanism":[4,102],"in":[5,26,41,54,86,167,175],"deep":[6],"learning":[7],"networks":[8],"for":[9],"gender":[10,23,92,168],"recognition":[11,169],"using":[12,75,126,141,160],"the":[13,22,34,55,71,76,83,89,127,145,161,176],"gaze":[14,128,162],"distribution":[15,129],"of":[16,24,38,57,91,130,150,178],"human":[17,111,131],"observers":[18],"when":[19,140],"they":[20],"judge":[21],"people":[25],"pedestrian":[27,58],"images.":[28],"Prevalent":[29],"mechanisms":[31,79],"spatially":[32,117],"compute":[33],"correlation":[35],"among":[36],"values":[37],"all":[39],"cells":[40],"input":[43,123],"feature":[44,124],"map":[45,125],"to":[46,121],"calculate":[47],"weights.":[49],"If":[50],"a":[51],"large":[52],"bias":[53,180],"background":[56,146,179],"images":[59],"(e.g.,":[60],"test":[61,184],"samples":[62,65,143],"and":[63,183],"training":[64,142,182],"containing":[66],"different":[67],"backgrounds)":[68],"is":[69,108,164],"present,":[70],"weights":[73,120],"learned":[74],"prevalent":[77],"are":[80],"affected":[81],"by":[82,110],"bias,":[84],"which":[85],"turn":[87],"reduces":[88],"accuracy":[90],"recognition.":[93],"To":[94],"avoid":[95],"this":[96],"problem,":[97],"we":[98],"incorporate":[99],"called":[103],"gaze-guided":[104],"self-attention":[105],"(GSA)":[106],"that":[107,157],"inspired":[109],"visual":[112],"attention.":[113],"Our":[114],"method":[115],"assigns":[116],"suitable":[118],"each":[122],"observers.":[132],"In":[133],"particular,":[134],"GSA":[135],"yields":[136],"promising":[137],"results":[138,149],"even":[139],"with":[144],"bias.":[147],"The":[148],"experiments":[151],"on":[152],"publicly":[153],"available":[154,172],"datasets":[155],"confirm":[156],"our":[158],"GSA,":[159],"distribution,":[163],"more":[165],"accurate":[166],"than":[170],"currently":[171],"attention-based":[173],"methods":[174],"case":[177],"between":[181],"samples.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}