{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414042514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002","title":"Efficient Hardware Implementation of Robust Binary Neural Networks Using End-to-End Unipolar Representation","display_name":"Efficient Hardware Implementation of Robust Binary Neural Networks Using End-to-End Unipolar Representation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414042514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/advpub/0/advpub_2025VLP0002/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/advpub/0/advpub_2025VLP0002/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092921203","display_name":"Babak Golbabaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4843-5145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Babak GOLBABAEI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051037426","display_name":"Yirong Kan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-0672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yirong KAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072048679","display_name":"Renyuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renyuan ZHANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074853381","display_name":"Yasuhiko Nakashima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-5061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuhiko NAKASHIMA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11050629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"E109.A","issue":"3","first_page":"540","last_page":"551"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9354000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9332000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7947999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.6014000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5522000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.48989999294281006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7947999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.6014000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5522000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190560348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245116","display_name":"Circuit design","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864155","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/advpub/0/advpub_2025VLP0002/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2025vlp0002","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/advpub/0/advpub_2025VLP0002/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338115","display_name":"Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414042514.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414042514.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151749779","https://openalex.org/W3179968364","https://openalex.org/W1999612375","https://openalex.org/W2938107654","https://openalex.org/W3196421258","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W4387301579","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W2763956190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,68,100],"hardware-efficient":[4],"binary":[5],"neural":[6],"network":[7],"with":[8,67,114,135,161],"end-to-end":[9],"unipolar":[10,37],"representation,":[11],"which":[12],"is":[13],"robust":[14],"to":[15,39,89,109,124,130],"input":[16,45,52,126],"noise":[17,53,113,163],"and":[18,47,63,79,86,118,127,151],"weight":[19],"bit":[20,90,120],"flipping.":[21],"Leveraging":[22],"stochastic":[23],"encoding":[24],"based":[25,59],"on":[26,60,106],"multiple-parallel-training":[27],"strategy,":[28],"the":[29,41,44,73,95,104,125,140],"proposed":[30,141],"design":[31,105,142],"probabilistically":[32],"converts":[33],"raw":[34],"inputs":[35],"into":[36],"representations":[38],"reduce":[40],"complexity":[42],"of":[43,51,92,103,147,153],"layer":[46],"achieve":[48],"random":[49,119],"modeling":[50],"in":[54,83],"training.":[55],"Lightweight":[56],"computational":[57],"modules":[58],"AND":[61],"gates":[62],"adder":[64],"trees,":[65],"along":[66],"trainable":[69],"threshold":[70],"mechanism,":[71],"eliminate":[72],"need":[74],"for":[75],"complex":[76],"normalization":[77],"layers":[78],"nonlinear":[80],"activation":[81],"functions":[82],"previous":[84],"designs":[85],"enhance":[87],"robustness":[88],"flipping":[91,121],"weights.":[93],"For":[94],"MNIST":[96],"dataset,":[97],"we":[98],"implement":[99],"hardware":[101],"prototype":[102],"Xilinx":[107],"FPGA":[108],"demonstrate":[110],"superiority.":[111],"Gaussian":[112],"variable":[115],"standard":[116],"deviation":[117],"are":[122],"added":[123],"weights":[128],"respectively":[129],"simulate":[131],"real-world":[132],"uncertainty.":[133],"Compared":[134],"other":[136],"FPGA-based":[137],"BNN":[138],"implementations,":[139],"reduces":[143],"at":[144],"least":[145],"42%":[146],"Lookup":[148],"Tables":[149],"(LUTs)":[150],"25%":[152],"power":[154],"consumption":[155],"while":[156],"maintaining":[157],"comparable":[158],"classification":[159],"accuracy":[160],"better":[162],"resistance.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
