{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402398642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014","title":"CA-SCA: Non-Profiled Deep Learning-Based Side-Channel Attacks by Using Cluster Analysis","display_name":"CA-SCA: Non-Profiled Deep Learning-Based Side-Channel Attacks by Using Cluster Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402398642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/E108.A/3/E108.A_2024CIP0014/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/E108.A/3/E108.A_2024CIP0014/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034795876","display_name":"Yuta Fukuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4180-9217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135768898","display_name":"Ritsumeikan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0197nmd03","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135768898","https://openalex.org/I4390039241"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuta FUKUDA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063582139","display_name":"Kota Yoshida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1293-6415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135768898","display_name":"Ritsumeikan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0197nmd03","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135768898","https://openalex.org/I4390039241"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kota YOSHIDA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007179822","display_name":"Takeshi Fujino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9441-3137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135768898","display_name":"Ritsumeikan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0197nmd03","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135768898","https://openalex.org/I4390039241"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeshi FUJINO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034795876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3512,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66344214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"E108.A","issue":"3","first_page":"227","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.8658522367477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6147870421409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.5655431747436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4213939309120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.26030904054641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2486703097820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.1275576949119568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.8658522367477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6147870421409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5655431747436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4213939309120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26030904054641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2486703097820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.1275576949119568}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/E108.A/3/E108.A_2024CIP0014/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2024cip0014","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transfun/E108.A/3/E108.A_2024CIP0014/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1069223013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAKENHI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2061319648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP22H0359","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3236194794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4636223006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4874944895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5784616950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS fellow","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7372463724","display_name":"\u30a8\u30c3\u30b8AI\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6df1\u5c64\u5b66\u7fd2\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u30b5\u30a4\u30c9\u30c1\u30e3\u30cd\u30eb\u653b\u6483\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"24KJ2150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8430481527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402398642.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402398642.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35307510","https://openalex.org/W1503689022","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1748081333","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2556867355","https://openalex.org/W2705350983","https://openalex.org/W2746796098","https://openalex.org/W2810943746","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W2944942867","https://openalex.org/W2953355178","https://openalex.org/W2981862476","https://openalex.org/W3036199712","https://openalex.org/W3212334786","https://openalex.org/W4206230818","https://openalex.org/W4251361495","https://openalex.org/W4294326453","https://openalex.org/W4297671098","https://openalex.org/W4309156431","https://openalex.org/W4312904563","https://openalex.org/W4313465622","https://openalex.org/W4361004819","https://openalex.org/W4385486310","https://openalex.org/W4399930900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4323824501","https://openalex.org/W2355552010","https://openalex.org/W2136687465","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3016859066","https://openalex.org/W4400339423","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Differential":[0],"deep":[1,13,53],"learning":[2,14,299,328],"analysis":[3,201],"(DDLA)":[4],"was":[5],"proposed":[6,24,312,346],"as":[7,46,60,69,111,113,161,216],"a":[8,52,151,167,172,282],"side-channel":[9,219],"attack":[10,292],"(SCA)":[11],"with":[12,57],"techniques":[15],"in":[16,37,122,171,369],"non-profiled":[17,173],"scenarios":[18],"at":[19],"TCHES":[20],"2019.":[21],"In":[22,237],"the":[23,26,29,34,38,43,47,79,83,90,95,100,104,110,114,123,139,148,187,195,203,240,251,288,294,302,311,326,331,335,340,345,355,366,370],"DDLA,":[25],"adversary":[27,64,149,193],"sets":[28],"LSB":[30,156],"or":[31,163],"MSB":[32,162],"of":[33,89,92,106,116,125,135,186,254,262,343,354,372],"intermediate":[35],"value":[36],"encryption":[39],"process":[40,339],"assumed":[41],"for":[42,99,132],"key":[44,80,117,235,320],"candidates":[45],"ground-truth":[48,152],"label":[49,153,245],"and":[50,71,76,270,352,360],"trains":[51],"neural":[54],"network":[55],"(DNN)":[56],"power":[58,208],"traces":[59,209],"an":[61],"input.":[62],"The":[63,192,307],"also":[65],"observes":[66],"metrics":[67],"such":[68,160],"loss":[70],"accuracy":[72],"during":[73],"DNN":[74,85,101,140,227,241],"training":[75,255,373],"estimates":[77],"that":[78,224,285,310],"corresponding":[81],"to":[82,143,157,175,183,229,232,300,317,325,338,365],"best-fitting":[84],"is":[86,94,109,120,182,222,242],"correct.":[87],"One":[88],"disadvantages":[91],"DDLA":[93,323],"heavy":[96],"computation":[97,336],"time":[98,337,356],"models":[102,108,141],"because":[103],"number":[105,115,342,371],"required":[107,131],"same":[112,341],"candidates,":[118],"which":[119],"256":[121],"case":[124,260],"AES.":[126],"Therefore":[127],"4096":[128],"DNNs":[129],"are":[130],"revealing":[133],"keys":[134,197],"16":[136],"bytes.":[137,236],"Furthermore,":[138],"have":[142],"be":[144,230,248],"trained":[145,231],"again":[146],"if":[147],"changes":[150],"function":[154],"from":[155,207],"other":[158],"labels":[159],"HW.":[164],"We":[165,212,257],"propose":[166],"new":[168],"deep-learning-based":[169],"SCA":[170],"scenario":[174],"solve":[176],"these":[177],"problems.":[178],"Our":[179,274],"core":[180],"idea":[181],"extract":[184],"feature":[185,204],"leakage":[188,305],"waveform":[189],"using":[190,202,210,281],"DNN.":[191,211,289],"reveals":[194],"correct":[196],"by":[198],"conducting":[199],"cluster":[200],"vectors":[205],"extracted":[206],"named":[213],"this":[214],"method":[215,313,347],"CA-SCA":[217],"(cluster-analysis-based":[218],"attacks),":[220],"it":[221],"advantageous":[223],"only":[225,349],"one":[226],"needs":[228],"reveal":[233,318],"all":[234,319],"addition,":[238],"once":[239],"trained,":[243],"multiple":[244],"functions":[246],"can":[247],"tested":[249],"without":[250],"additional":[252],"cost":[253],"DNNs.":[256],"provide":[258,279],"four":[259],"studies":[261],"attacking":[263,358],"against":[264,276],"AES,":[265],"including":[266],"two":[267,271],"software":[268,277,359],"implementations":[269,278],"hardware":[272,295,361],"implementations.":[273],"attacks":[275],"methods":[280],"concatenated":[283],"dataset":[284],"efficiently":[286],"train":[287],"Also,":[290],"our":[291],"on":[293,330],"implementation":[296],"introduces":[297],"multitask":[298],"exploit":[301],"Hamming":[303],"distance":[304],"model.":[306],"results":[308],"show":[309],"requires":[314,348],"fewer":[315],"waveforms":[316],"bytes":[321],"than":[322],"owing":[324],"efficient":[327],"performance":[329],"above":[332],"methods.":[333],"Comparing":[334],"waveforms,":[344],"about":[350],"1/75":[351],"1/25":[353],"when":[357],"implementations,":[362],"respectively,":[363],"due":[364],"significant":[367],"reduction":[368],"models.":[374]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
