{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003925039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2019eap1044","title":"Register-Transfer-Level Features for Machine-Learning-Based Hardware Trojan Detection","display_name":"Register-Transfer-Level Features for Machine-Learning-Based Hardware Trojan Detection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003925039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2019eap1044","mag":"3003925039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2019eap1044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2019eap1044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074396599","display_name":"Hau Sim Choo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hau Sim CHOO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018366020","display_name":"Chia Yee Ooi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2307-4048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia Yee OOI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070572924","display_name":"Michiko Inoue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-5147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michiko INOUE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dependable System Lab., Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dependable System Lab., Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103880724","display_name":"Nordinah Ismail","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nordinah ISMAIL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042932626","display_name":"Mehrdad Moghbel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5228-4576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad MOGHBEL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074928043","display_name":"Chee Hoo Kok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Hoo KOK","raw_affiliation_strings":["Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Embedded System Research Lab., Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074396599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92682927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"E103.A","issue":"2","first_page":"502","last_page":"509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.9390468597412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.6787577271461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6334383487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.614264965057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.520880937576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.47634175419807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3857027292251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3517400026321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33059677481651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11111113429069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07284343242645264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.9390468597412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.6787577271461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6334383487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.614264965057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.520880937576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.47634175419807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3857027292251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3517400026321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33059677481651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11111113429069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07284343242645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transfun.2019eap1044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2019eap1044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166990724","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0916-8508","issn":["0916-8508","1745-1337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537835563","https://openalex.org/W1981606297","https://openalex.org/W1990336139","https://openalex.org/W1992787530","https://openalex.org/W2011712479","https://openalex.org/W2021949528","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2105938985","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2155843186","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2189470380","https://openalex.org/W2221643708","https://openalex.org/W2281118432","https://openalex.org/W2512071404","https://openalex.org/W2512350220","https://openalex.org/W2536483783","https://openalex.org/W2558555441","https://openalex.org/W2566037395","https://openalex.org/W2582533918","https://openalex.org/W2612481776","https://openalex.org/W2612667056","https://openalex.org/W2750067007","https://openalex.org/W2753199827","https://openalex.org/W2756703387","https://openalex.org/W2757667045","https://openalex.org/W2758713392","https://openalex.org/W2758803816","https://openalex.org/W2770914109","https://openalex.org/W2773454665","https://openalex.org/W2782942991","https://openalex.org/W4252148401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W1526642037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Register-transfer-level":[0],"(RTL)":[1],"information":[2],"is":[3,31],"hardly":[4],"available":[5],"for":[6,62],"hardware":[7],"Trojan":[8,15,36,64,82],"detection.":[9],"In":[10],"this":[11],"paper,":[12],"four":[13,80],"RTL":[14],"features":[16,37,83],"related":[17],"to":[18,33,38,57],"branching":[19],"statement":[20],"are":[21,47],"proposed.":[22],"The":[23,44,68],"Minimum":[24],"Redundancy":[25],"Maximum":[26],"Relevance":[27],"(mRMR)":[28],"feature":[29,42,45],"selection":[30],"applied":[32],"the":[34,40,59,79],"proposed":[35,81],"determine":[39,58],"recommended":[41],"combinations.":[43],"combinations":[46],"then":[48],"tested":[49],"using":[50],"different":[51],"machine":[52],"learning":[53],"concepts":[54],"in":[55],"order":[56],"best":[60],"approach":[61],"classifying":[63],"and":[65],"normal":[66],"branches.":[67],"result":[69],"shows":[70],"that":[71],"a":[72],"Decision":[73],"Tree":[74],"classification":[75],"algorithm":[76],"with":[77],"all":[78],"can":[84],"achieve":[85],"an":[86],"average":[87],"true":[88],"positive":[89],"detection":[90],"rate":[91],"of":[92],"93.72%":[93],"on":[94],"unseen":[95],"test":[96],"data.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}