{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226016707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transele.2021cti0002","title":"A Tutorial and Review of Automobile Direct ToF LiDAR SoCs: Evolution of Next-Generation LiDARs","display_name":"A Tutorial and Review of Automobile Direct ToF LiDAR SoCs: Evolution of Next-Generation LiDARs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226016707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transele.2021cti0002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transele.2021cti0002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transele.2021cti0002","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transele/E105.C/10/E105.C_2021CTI0002/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2489501747","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Electronics","issn_l":"0916-8524","issn":["0916-8524","1745-1353"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transele/E105.C/10/E105.C_2021CTI0002/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055467060","display_name":"Kentaro Yoshioka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-2250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kentaro YOSHIOKA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keio University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keio University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055467060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97533108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"E105.C","issue":"10","first_page":"534","last_page":"543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.9788007140159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6135699152946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.594758152961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.5585193634033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realization","display_name":"Realization (probability)","score":0.5580195784568787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.4738995134830475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.46634596586227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3559180796146393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32443100214004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2534472346305847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18788427114486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.10023152828216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08165162801742554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.9788007140159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6135699152946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.594758152961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.5585193634033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.5580195784568787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.4738995134830475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.46634596586227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3559180796146393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32443100214004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2534472346305847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18788427114486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10023152828216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08165162801742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transele.2021cti0002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transele.2021cti0002","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transele/E105.C/10/E105.C_2021CTI0002/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2489501747","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Electronics","issn_l":"0916-8524","issn":["0916-8524","1745-1353"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transele.2021cti0002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transele.2021cti0002","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transele/E105.C/10/E105.C_2021CTI0002/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2489501747","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Electronics","issn_l":"0916-8524","issn":["0916-8524","1745-1353"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G193038087","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JST CREST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2792802287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAKENHI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3282004645","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJCR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4653877330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJCR21D2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5256887504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6718509927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CREST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752643416","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7858097852","display_name":"LiDAR based Sensing System Focused on Privacy Preserving and Occlusions","funder_award_id":"21K20413","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226016707.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226016707.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965908318","https://openalex.org/W1975328031","https://openalex.org/W1994184480","https://openalex.org/W2008087560","https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2020640905","https://openalex.org/W2034290464","https://openalex.org/W2043474845","https://openalex.org/W2053286848","https://openalex.org/W2058662614","https://openalex.org/W2102204611","https://openalex.org/W2120935131","https://openalex.org/W2141493752","https://openalex.org/W2155631601","https://openalex.org/W2180930247","https://openalex.org/W2267996924","https://openalex.org/W2745241400","https://openalex.org/W2761155850","https://openalex.org/W2769205412","https://openalex.org/W2789915023","https://openalex.org/W2790853419","https://openalex.org/W2793543504","https://openalex.org/W2893585393","https://openalex.org/W2898927812","https://openalex.org/W2959364614","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2995852770","https://openalex.org/W2997346195","https://openalex.org/W3039575763","https://openalex.org/W3048800735","https://openalex.org/W3094426181","https://openalex.org/W3098881644","https://openalex.org/W3120192381","https://openalex.org/W3133773357","https://openalex.org/W3134833667","https://openalex.org/W3135101855","https://openalex.org/W3135554869","https://openalex.org/W3135991645","https://openalex.org/W3137041278","https://openalex.org/W3197003633","https://openalex.org/W4225555528","https://openalex.org/W4293682399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LiDAR":[0,35,54,74],"is":[1,105],"a":[2,7,24,97],"distance":[3],"sensor":[4],"that":[5],"plays":[6],"key":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,46],"the":[11,37,44,52,80,86,88,92,113,130,136,142],"realization":[12],"of":[13,28,32,39,116,132],"advanced":[14],"driver":[15],"assistance":[16],"systems":[17],"(ADAS).":[18],"In":[19,126],"this":[20,133],"paper,":[21],"we":[22,128],"present":[23],"tutorial":[25],"and":[26,60,69,82,91,110,148],"review":[27],"automotive":[29],"direct":[30],"time":[31],"flight":[33],"(dToF)":[34],"from":[36],"aspect":[38],"circuit":[40],"systems.":[41],"We":[42,65],"discuss":[43,129],"breakthrough":[45],"ADAS":[47,108],"LiDARs":[48,71,109],"through":[49,135],"comparison":[50],"with":[51,120],"first-generation":[53],"systems,":[55,75],"which":[56,76],"were":[57],"conventionally":[58],"high-cost":[59],"had":[61],"an":[62],"immature":[63],"performance.":[64],"define":[66],"current":[67],"high-performance":[68],"low-cost":[70],"as":[72,141],"next-generation":[73],"have":[77],"significantly":[78],"improved":[79],"cost":[81],"performance":[83],"by":[84],"integrating":[85],"photodetector,":[87],"readout":[89],"circuit,":[90],"signal":[93],"processing":[94],"unit":[95],"into":[96],"single":[98],"SoC.":[99],"This":[100],"paper":[101],"targets":[102],"reader":[103],"who":[104],"new":[106],"to":[107],"will":[111],"cover":[112],"basic":[114],"principles":[115],"LiDAR,":[117],"also":[118],"comparing":[119],"range":[121],"methods":[122],"other":[123],"than":[124],"dToF.":[125],"addition,":[127],"development":[131],"area":[134],"latest":[137],"research":[138],"examples":[139],"such":[140],"2-chip":[143],"approach,":[144],"2D":[145],"SPAD":[146],"array,":[147],"3D":[149],"integrated":[150],"LiDARs.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}