{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318947874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3162","title":"Level Allocation of Four-Level Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Signal in Optically Pre-Amplified Receiver Systems","display_name":"Level Allocation of Four-Level Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Signal in Optically Pre-Amplified Receiver Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318947874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493627025","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0916-8516","issn":["0916-8516","1745-1345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101646206","display_name":"Hiroki Kawahara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-2855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"Osaka University","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki KAWAHARA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066548868","display_name":"Koji IGARASHI","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"Osaka University","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koji IGARASHI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016628243","display_name":"Kyo INOUE","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"Osaka University","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyo INOUE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101646206"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0060474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"E106.B","issue":"8","first_page":"652","last_page":"659"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7383178472518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.6543133854866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.6491352319717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.5220851302146912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-position-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","score":0.49389010667800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.47965601086616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.47875967621803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction-ratio","display_name":"Extinction ratio","score":0.454026997089386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4483201205730438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.377642422914505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3388127386569977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3238011598587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2802472710609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12426832318305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.05470559000968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.05262771248817444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7383178472518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6543133854866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.6491352319717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.5220851302146912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46035914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1767289","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","level":5,"score":0.49389010667800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.47965601086616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.47875967621803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96137627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385099","display_name":"Extinction ratio","level":3,"score":0.454026997089386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4483201205730438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.377642422914505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3388127386569977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3238011598587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2802472710609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12426832318305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.05470559000968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.05262771248817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493627025","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0916-8516","issn":["0916-8516","1745-1345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028310162","https://openalex.org/W2085174194","https://openalex.org/W2088490502","https://openalex.org/W2326510382","https://openalex.org/W2537188330","https://openalex.org/W2783323148","https://openalex.org/W2901860132","https://openalex.org/W2916405145","https://openalex.org/W3161142416","https://openalex.org/W4292230956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242733035","https://openalex.org/W2363311713","https://openalex.org/W1970863749","https://openalex.org/W2357198663","https://openalex.org/W2361503959","https://openalex.org/W2476647282","https://openalex.org/W1976332733","https://openalex.org/W3207481136","https://openalex.org/W2920051896","https://openalex.org/W2049863527"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"numerically":[2,26],"investigates":[3],"the":[4,35,50,55,62,66],"symbol-level":[5],"allocation":[6],"of":[7,65,68],"four-level":[8],"pulse-amplitude":[9],"modulation":[10,73],"(PAM4)":[11],"signals":[12],"for":[13,38],"optically":[14],"pre-amplified":[15],"receiver":[16,36],"systems.":[17],"Three":[18],"level-allocation":[19,40],"schemes":[20,41],"are":[21,30,85],"examined:":[22],"intensity-equispaced,":[23],"amplitude-equispaced,":[24],"and":[25,75],"optimized.":[27],"Numerical":[28],"simulations":[29],"conducted":[31],"to":[32],"comprehensively":[33],"compare":[34],"sensitivities":[37],"these":[39,83],"under":[42],"various":[43],"system":[44,63],"conditions.":[45],"The":[46,80],"results":[47],"show":[48],"that":[49],"superiority":[51],"or":[52],"inferiority":[53],"between":[54],"level":[56],"allocations":[57],"is":[58],"significantly":[59],"dependent":[60],"on":[61],"conditions":[64],"bandwidth":[67],"amplified":[69],"spontaneous":[70],"emission":[71],"light,":[72],"bandwidth,":[74],"signal":[76],"extinction":[77],"ratio":[78],"(ER).":[79],"mechanisms":[81],"underlying":[82],"dependencies":[84],"also":[86],"discussed.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
