{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410736178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.22.20250250","title":"Extraction of heartbeat signal from CW vital sign radar using cubic spline interpolation function and adaptive bandpass filter","display_name":"Extraction of heartbeat signal from CW vital sign radar using cubic spline interpolation function and adaptive bandpass filter","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410736178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.22.20250250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/elex.22.20250250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.22.20250250","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/advpub/0/advpub_22.20250250/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207433681","display_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","issn_l":"1349-2543","issn":["1349-2543","1349-9467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/advpub/0/advpub_22.20250250/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406958","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2226-9575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112038430","display_name":"Z. Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zili Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100783453","display_name":"Weihan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-3968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I316699675","display_name":"Hodges University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s8h5d08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I316699675"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["International College Of Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International College Of Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I316699675","https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070628422","display_name":"Xueteng Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueteng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377962","display_name":"Yiming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7504-3569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088312131","display_name":"Hui Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3224-2472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066511261","display_name":"Pengsong Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-8282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengsong Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072419341","display_name":"Yangjie Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-4340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangjie Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4223,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58610616,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"13","first_page":"20250250","last_page":"20250250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10924","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9405999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spline-interpolation","display_name":"Spline interpolation","score":0.7193073630332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/band-pass-filter","display_name":"Band-pass filter","score":0.6230095624923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.5386924147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5340330600738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-filter","display_name":"Adaptive filter","score":0.5320360064506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.5173060894012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.46376869082450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.45320796966552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spline","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","score":0.4369971752166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3733292520046234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.363231897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3629196286201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.35435059666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3488166928291321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33397993445396423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23265200853347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.21925196051597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20322421193122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18976542353630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12399256229400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.11235922574996948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31447003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545002","display_name":"Spline interpolation","level":3,"score":0.7193073630332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147788027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2718101","display_name":"Band-pass filter","level":2,"score":0.6230095624923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.5386924147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5340330600738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102248274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168388","display_name":"Adaptive filter","level":2,"score":0.5320360064506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5173060894012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46376869082450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.45320796966552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581809","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","level":2,"score":0.4369971752166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3733292520046234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.363231897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3629196286201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35435059666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3488166928291321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33397993445396423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23265200853347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.21925196051597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20322421193122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18976542353630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12399256229400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.11235922574996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/elex.22.20250250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.22.20250250","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/advpub/0/advpub_22.20250250/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207433681","display_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","issn_l":"1349-2543","issn":["1349-2543","1349-9467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/elex.22.20250250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.22.20250250","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/advpub/0/advpub_22.20250250/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207433681","display_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","issn_l":"1349-2543","issn":["1349-2543","1349-9467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3489236584","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"232102210050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","funder_display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6277738919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"242300421474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7462400277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"222300420295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410736178.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410736178.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040841611","https://openalex.org/W2075959322","https://openalex.org/W2171942582","https://openalex.org/W2497655996","https://openalex.org/W2581555918","https://openalex.org/W2592600924","https://openalex.org/W2738956855","https://openalex.org/W2772268744","https://openalex.org/W2885995024","https://openalex.org/W2900172125","https://openalex.org/W2910034164","https://openalex.org/W2911241219","https://openalex.org/W2930506508","https://openalex.org/W2941074488","https://openalex.org/W2951461054","https://openalex.org/W2995471974","https://openalex.org/W3002014232","https://openalex.org/W3011901155","https://openalex.org/W3021995473","https://openalex.org/W3153971880","https://openalex.org/W3204593807","https://openalex.org/W4205907800","https://openalex.org/W4303981148","https://openalex.org/W4310664609","https://openalex.org/W4323794868","https://openalex.org/W4366147725","https://openalex.org/W4366268668","https://openalex.org/W4366270200","https://openalex.org/W4395017334","https://openalex.org/W4400409112"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965605760","https://openalex.org/W2089774915","https://openalex.org/W2046026412","https://openalex.org/W2787646063","https://openalex.org/W2002288548","https://openalex.org/W2102842245","https://openalex.org/W4392640306","https://openalex.org/W2057046968","https://openalex.org/W4230334724","https://openalex.org/W1854261619"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,93,96,100,120,162,165,179,184,189,193],"increasing":[2],"demand":[3],"for":[4,29,71,206],"health":[5],"monitoring":[6],"and":[7,20,57,79,148,204],"biometric":[8],"identification":[9],"technologies,":[10],"radar-based":[11],"heartbeat":[12,30,37,97,112,171],"signal":[13,31,64,83,98,105,113,186],"extraction":[14,84],"techniques":[15],"have":[16],"been":[17],"widely":[18],"applied":[19],"deeply":[21],"researched.":[22],"This":[23],"article":[24],"proposes":[25],"a":[26,34,53,124,132,140,145,196],"time-domain":[27],"method":[28,48,94,128,194],"extraction,":[32],"employing":[33],"cubic":[35,107],"spline-based":[36],"enhancement":[38],"algorithm":[39],"combined":[40],"with":[41],"an":[42,169],"adaptive":[43],"bandpass":[44,125],"filter.":[45,126],"The":[46,111,127],"proposed":[47,166],"offers":[49],"significant":[50],"advantages,":[51],"including":[52],"simplified":[54],"computational":[55,197],"process":[56],"reduced":[58],"time":[59,180],"delay":[60],"compared":[61,151,182],"to":[62,152,176,183],"conventional":[63],"decomposition":[65],"techniques,":[66],"making":[67],"it":[68,75],"highly":[69],"suitable":[70],"real-time":[72],"applications.":[73],"Additionally,":[74],"provides":[76],"higher":[77,149],"confidence":[78],"better":[80],"interpretability":[81],"than":[82],"methods":[85],"based":[86,138],"on":[87,131,139],"neural":[88],"networks.":[89],"To":[90],"achieve":[91],"this,":[92],"enhances":[95],"of":[99,123,164,174,199],"continuous-wave":[101],"(CW)":[102],"radar":[103,136],"output":[104],"using":[106],"spline":[108],"curve":[109],"interpolation.":[110],"is":[114,129],"subsequently":[115],"extracted":[116],"by":[117,188],"dynamically":[118],"adjusting":[119],"frequency":[121],"range":[122],"implemented":[130],"2.4":[133],"GHz":[134],"CW":[135],"system":[137],"phase":[141],"discriminator,":[142],"which":[143],"features":[144],"simpler":[146],"structure":[147],"accuracy":[150,173],"traditional":[153],"quadrature":[154],"receivers.":[155],"Experimental":[156],"results":[157],"in":[158,178],"multiple":[159],"subjects":[160],"validate":[161],"effectiveness":[163],"approach,":[167],"demonstrating":[168],"average":[170],"count":[172],"up":[175],"98.06%":[177],"domain":[181],"reference":[185],"collected":[187],"wearable":[190],"sensor.":[191],"Furthermore,":[192],"achieves":[195],"complexity":[198],"O(N),":[200],"highlighting":[201],"its":[202],"efficiency":[203],"potential":[205],"practical":[207],"deployment.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}