{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992004964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20141043","title":"Improving RO PUF design using frequency distribution characteristics","display_name":"Improving RO PUF design using frequency distribution characteristics","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992004964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20141043","mag":"1992004964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/elex.12.20141043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20141043","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/12/3/12_12.20141043/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207433681","display_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","issn_l":"1349-2543","issn":["1349-2543","1349-9467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/12/3/12_12.20141043/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002947219","display_name":"Yifei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-1591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055800000","display_name":"Chenghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023734605","display_name":"Weiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011952918","display_name":"Yijun Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-2329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110242573","display_name":"M\u00e1ire O\u2019Neill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096394","display_name":"Queens University","ror":"https://ror.org/00strmv13","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["BD","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1ire O\u2019Neill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), ECIT, Queens University Belfast","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), ECIT, Queens University Belfast","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096394","https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002947219"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69436048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"20141043","last_page":"20141043"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.972599983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7154278755187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.6069890260696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.5021045207977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4532327651977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4417104125022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.42833709716796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.420331209897995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3050481677055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23703533411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arbiter","display_name":"Arbiter","score":0.13457217812538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11336708068847656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7154278755187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.6069890260696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.5021045207977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4532327651977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4417104125022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42833709716796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.420331209897995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3050481677055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23703533411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779971761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629872","display_name":"Arbiter","level":2,"score":0.13457217812538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11336708068847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1587/elex.12.20141043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20141043","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/12/3/12_12.20141043/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207433681","display_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","issn_l":"1349-2543","issn":["1349-2543","1349-9467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/eb2203b7-e403-4d15-8687-1a192f1c4746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/eb2203b7-e403-4d15-8687-1a192f1c4746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Yu , Y , Wang , C , Liu , W , Cui , Y & O'Neill , M 2015 , ' Improving RO PUF design using frequency distribution characteristics ' , IEICE Electronics Express , vol. 12 , no. 3 . https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20141043","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1587/elex.12.20141043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20141043","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/elex/12/3/12_12.20141043/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207433681","display_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","issn_l":"1349-2543","issn":["1349-2543","1349-9467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Electronics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1440915564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61401197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4990839356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6140119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5334834590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H049606/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5445011987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K004379/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5852256071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G007586/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6577499357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N508664/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G745166385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G034303/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7778643072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J006238/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1992004964.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1992004964.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104401100","https://openalex.org/W2110062156","https://openalex.org/W2126460857","https://openalex.org/W2169212403","https://openalex.org/W2171573506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148339641","https://openalex.org/W3195700791","https://openalex.org/W2128735154","https://openalex.org/W2333684670","https://openalex.org/W4391377915","https://openalex.org/W2184096640","https://openalex.org/W4389544506","https://openalex.org/W2071074983","https://openalex.org/W2093731983","https://openalex.org/W3018478474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"Physical":[1],"Unclonable":[2],"Function":[3],"(PUF)":[4],"can":[5,38,91],"be":[6,39,92],"used":[7,93],"to":[8,41,44,58,94],"provide":[9],"authentication":[10],"of":[11,32,49,62,70,78,98],"devices":[12],"by":[13],"producing":[14],"die-unique":[15],"responses.":[16],"In":[17,53],"PUFs":[18,37,64,100],"based":[19],"on":[20,74],"ring":[21],"oscillators":[22],"(ROs)":[23],"the":[24,29,33,45,50,60,68,96],"responses":[25],"are":[26,81,101],"derived":[27],"from":[28],"oscillation":[30],"frequencies":[31,69],"ROs.":[34],"However,":[35],"RO":[36,51,63,71,85,99],"vulnerable":[40],"attack":[42],"due":[43],"frequency":[46,86],"distribution":[47,87],"characteristics":[48],"arrays.":[52],"this":[54],"letter,":[55],"in":[56],"order":[57],"improve":[59,95],"design":[61,97],"for":[65],"FPGA":[66,79],"devices,":[67],"arrays":[72],"implemented":[73],"a":[75],"large":[76],"number":[77],"chips":[80],"statistically":[82],"analyzed.":[83],"Three":[84],"(ROFD)":[88],"characteristics,":[89],"which":[90],"observed":[102],"and":[103],"discussed.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}