{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313294891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/3300000026","title":"The Security &amp; Privacy Acceptance Framework (SPAF)","display_name":"The Security &amp; Privacy Acceptance Framework (SPAF)","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313294891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/3300000026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/3300000026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/3300000026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223006","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2474-1558","issn":["2474-1558","2474-1566"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/3300000026","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006053551","display_name":"Sauvik Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9073-8054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sauvik Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University ,","Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007197156","display_name":"Cori Faklaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4084-4086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cori Faklaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina , ,","University of North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090310268","display_name":"Jason Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9856-9654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason I. Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University ,","Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089412314","display_name":"Laura Dabbish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9489-4188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura A. Dabbish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University ,","Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006053551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5661,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93373915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","first_page":"1","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.22949999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.22949999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5020079612731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.44389137625694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3707398772239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.366153359413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3292417824268341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5020079612731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.44389137625694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3707398772239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.366153359413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3292417824268341}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1561/3300000026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/3300000026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223006","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2474-1558","issn":["2474-1558","2474-1566"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/3300000026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/3300000026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223006","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2474-1558","issn":["2474-1558","2474-1566"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":150,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545190392","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1971295515","https://openalex.org/W1974123882","https://openalex.org/W1975307600","https://openalex.org/W1978854302","https://openalex.org/W1983208818","https://openalex.org/W1984018499","https://openalex.org/W1984367702","https://openalex.org/W1984786275","https://openalex.org/W1987523869","https://openalex.org/W1990857471","https://openalex.org/W1991246983","https://openalex.org/W2001554305","https://openalex.org/W2002204971","https://openalex.org/W2010789764","https://openalex.org/W2010962925","https://openalex.org/W2016310229","https://openalex.org/W2019176237","https://openalex.org/W2024296478","https://openalex.org/W2028171449","https://openalex.org/W2028974852","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2035297307","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2042659035","https://openalex.org/W2042720915","https://openalex.org/W2045020574","https://openalex.org/W2045591401","https://openalex.org/W2047186275","https://openalex.org/W2047681257","https://openalex.org/W2048723827","https://openalex.org/W2049571112","https://openalex.org/W2050618934","https://openalex.org/W2051297451","https://openalex.org/W2064945825","https://openalex.org/W2070602439","https://openalex.org/W2070881494","https://openalex.org/W2075416597","https://openalex.org/W2080453063","https://openalex.org/W2082164775","https://openalex.org/W2082581342","https://openalex.org/W2084885239","https://openalex.org/W2087697043","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2096593673","https://openalex.org/W2097427281","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2099889974","https://openalex.org/W2099926691","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2106677160","https://openalex.org/W2108408709","https://openalex.org/W2110695853","https://openalex.org/W2112042732","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2120805674","https://openalex.org/W2121271050","https://openalex.org/W2121646779","https://openalex.org/W2123307077","https://openalex.org/W2126453598","https://openalex.org/W2127209084","https://openalex.org/W2131906261","https://openalex.org/W2134080857","https://openalex.org/W2136136174","https://openalex.org/W2139431161","https://openalex.org/W2139464545","https://openalex.org/W2141373701","https://openalex.org/W2144409202","https://openalex.org/W2155873597","https://openalex.org/W2157597875","https://openalex.org/W2159510087","https://openalex.org/W2163241745","https://openalex.org/W2168407626","https://openalex.org/W2168569455","https://openalex.org/W2168735851","https://openalex.org/W2169371034","https://openalex.org/W2211083916","https://openalex.org/W2256695479","https://openalex.org/W2289534764","https://openalex.org/W2335888457","https://openalex.org/W2338846068","https://openalex.org/W2339750270","https://openalex.org/W2341111334","https://openalex.org/W2395828461","https://openalex.org/W2464384310","https://openalex.org/W2480339809","https://openalex.org/W2488684219","https://openalex.org/W2509502619","https://openalex.org/W2530427141","https://openalex.org/W2531157766","https://openalex.org/W2537669654","https://openalex.org/W2541261609","https://openalex.org/W2545457694","https://openalex.org/W2551618183","https://openalex.org/W2552371696","https://openalex.org/W2568632554","https://openalex.org/W2585818648","https://openalex.org/W2610414453","https://openalex.org/W2611101169","https://openalex.org/W2611140034","https://openalex.org/W2611753819","https://openalex.org/W2613291816","https://openalex.org/W2615924707","https://openalex.org/W2618164195","https://openalex.org/W2726282394","https://openalex.org/W2761473796","https://openalex.org/W2794214990","https://openalex.org/W2794966952","https://openalex.org/W2794995912","https://openalex.org/W2795776492","https://openalex.org/W2796063124","https://openalex.org/W2802670796","https://openalex.org/W2804733712","https://openalex.org/W2811368521","https://openalex.org/W2887660182","https://openalex.org/W2895796724","https://openalex.org/W2916579257","https://openalex.org/W2941123418","https://openalex.org/W2942101457","https://openalex.org/W2945933611","https://openalex.org/W2970837303","https://openalex.org/W2980640157","https://openalex.org/W2980658844","https://openalex.org/W2981489355","https://openalex.org/W2982321410","https://openalex.org/W2983837209","https://openalex.org/W2987413972","https://openalex.org/W2988844238","https://openalex.org/W2988889042","https://openalex.org/W2994347109","https://openalex.org/W3007657319","https://openalex.org/W3038479367","https://openalex.org/W3107143503","https://openalex.org/W3123098919","https://openalex.org/W3157114324","https://openalex.org/W3173834851","https://openalex.org/W3201578419","https://openalex.org/W3206515983","https://openalex.org/W3207245092","https://openalex.org/W4200563841","https://openalex.org/W4224246387","https://openalex.org/W4225155293","https://openalex.org/W4225566891","https://openalex.org/W4226542932","https://openalex.org/W4251147371","https://openalex.org/W4254225180","https://openalex.org/W4256220293","https://openalex.org/W4288057804","https://openalex.org/W4294362019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1988185375","https://openalex.org/W2075959928","https://openalex.org/W2166481065","https://openalex.org/W2067443318","https://openalex.org/W4233182480","https://openalex.org/W1981237115","https://openalex.org/W2010073985","https://openalex.org/W2008138827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"can":[1],"we":[2,88,127],"encourage":[3,137],"end-user":[4,26,139],"acceptance":[5,27,140],"of":[6,28,38,112,141,152],"expert":[7,29],"recommended":[8],"cybersecurity":[9],"and":[10,21,42,65,75,100,156],"privacy":[11],"(S&amp;P)":[12],"behaviors?":[13],"We":[14,97],"review":[15,99],"prior":[16,103],"art":[17],"in":[18],"human-centered":[19,131],"S&amp;P":[20,55,80,132],"identified":[22],"three":[23,83],"barriers":[24,84,114],"to":[25,53,77,136],"recommendations:":[30],"(1)":[31],"awareness:":[32],"i.e.,":[33,48,68],"people":[34,49,69],"may":[35,50,70],"not":[36,71],"know":[37,72],"relevant":[39],"security":[40],"threats":[41],"appropriate":[43],"mitigation":[44],"measures;":[45],"(2)":[46],"motivation:":[47],"be":[51],"unwilling":[52],"enact":[54],"behaviors":[56,143],"because,":[57],"e.g.,":[58],"the":[59,90,113,118,122,130,153],"perceived":[60],"costs":[61],"are":[62],"too":[63],"high,":[64],"(3)":[66],"ability;":[67],"when,":[73],"why,":[74],"how":[76,129],"effectively":[78],"implement":[79],"behaviors.":[81],"These":[82],"make":[85,116],"up":[86,117],"what":[87],"call":[89],"\u00e2\u20ac\u0153Security":[91],"&amp;":[92],"Privacy":[93],"Acceptance":[94],"Framework\u00e2\u20ac&amp;#x9d;":[95],"(SPAF).":[96],"then":[98],"critically":[101],"analyze":[102],"work":[104],"that":[105,115,148],"has":[106],"explored":[107],"mitigating":[108],"one":[109,151],"or":[110],"more":[111],"SPAF.":[119],"Finally,":[120],"using":[121],"SPAF":[123],"as":[124],"a":[125],"lens,":[126],"discuss":[128],"community":[133],"might":[134],"re-orient":[135],"widespread":[138],"pro-S&amp;P":[142],"by":[144],"employing":[145],"integrative":[146],"approaches":[147],"address":[149],"each":[150],"awareness,":[154],"motivation,":[155],"ability":[157],"barriers.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
