{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3104549103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000045","title":"QED at Large: A Survey of Engineering of Formally Verified Software","display_name":"QED at Large: A Survey of Engineering of Formally Verified Software","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3104549103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000045","mag":"3104549103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/2500000045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233022","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Programming Languages","issn_l":"2325-1107","issn":["2325-1107","2325-1131"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000045","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078343798","display_name":"Talia Ringer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-3321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talia Ringer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington","University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015320417","display_name":"Karl Palmskog","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl Palmskog","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin","University of Texas at Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009639508","display_name":"Ilya Sergey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4250-5392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3089745140","display_name":"Yale-NUS College","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9wch13","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3089745140"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilya Sergey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale-NUS College","Yale-NUS College and National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale-NUS College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3089745140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale-NUS College and National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3089745140","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063052820","display_name":"Milos Gligoric","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-7649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos Gligoric","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin","University of Texas at Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042187082","display_name":"Zachary Tatlock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-0124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Tatlock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington","University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4583,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91892492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2-3","first_page":"102","last_page":"281"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8160553574562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.8011212348937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6419251561164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.6148746609687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.48267772793769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development","display_name":"Development (topology)","score":0.47809669375419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.4550101161003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.43547922372817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.4279623031616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.39127057790756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.29922157526016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20338919758796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1363934874534607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8160553574562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.8011212348937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6419251561164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.6148746609687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48267772793769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5266672","display_name":"Development (topology)","level":2,"score":0.47809669375419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.4550101161003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.43547922372817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4279623031616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.39127057790756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.29922157526016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20338919758796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1363934874534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1561/2500000045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233022","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Programming Languages","issn_l":"2325-1107","issn":["2325-1107","2325-1131"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.06458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06458","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.4230/lipics.ecoop.2025.12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.ecoop.2025.12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052059","display_name":"Dagstuhl Research Online Publication Server","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/2500000045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233022","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Programming Languages","issn_l":"2325-1107","issn":["2325-1107","2325-1131"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":505,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1272897","https://openalex.org/W1713610","https://openalex.org/W10165608","https://openalex.org/W15103390","https://openalex.org/W19393221","https://openalex.org/W25515096","https://openalex.org/W30900252","https://openalex.org/W62264973","https://openalex.org/W72661297","https://openalex.org/W73478126","https://openalex.org/W75891272","https://openalex.org/W80370608","https://openalex.org/W86012225","https://openalex.org/W92896842","https://openalex.org/W101014555","https://openalex.org/W101424827","https://openalex.org/W108079860","https://openalex.org/W121484200","https://openalex.org/W125836568","https://openalex.org/W131776992","https://openalex.org/W143008620","https://openalex.org/W157487627","https://openalex.org/W166127310","https://openalex.org/W169519546","https://openalex.org/W175317719","https://openalex.org/W195012021","https://openalex.org/W201390185","https://openalex.org/W205472424","https://openalex.org/W207478286","https://openalex.org/W229693416","https://openalex.org/W246379881","https://openalex.org/W266135116","https://openalex.org/W369805404","https://openalex.org/W563467911","https://openalex.org/W564852913","https://openalex.org/W569543113","https://openalex.org/W578730056","https://openalex.org/W606696939","https://openalex.org/W840746988","https://openalex.org/W1035269900","https://openalex.org/W1480443021","https://openalex.org/W1483170865","https://openalex.org/W1486558830","https://openalex.org/W1487820530","https://openalex.org/W1487998695","https://openalex.org/W1488189293","https://openalex.org/W1488927778","https://openalex.org/W1491165055","https://openalex.org/W1494633126","https://openalex.org/W1494663138","https://openalex.org/W1495368328","https://openalex.org/W1495561703","https://openalex.org/W1500329306","https://openalex.org/W1503543775","https://openalex.org/W1507441114","https://openalex.org/W1510506644","https://openalex.org/W1511916234","https://openalex.org/W1514486135","https://openalex.org/W1515094747","https://openalex.org/W1515423457","https://openalex.org/W1517818229","https://openalex.org/W1521083034","https://openalex.org/W1522720500","https://openalex.org/W1523874359","https://openalex.org/W1525928249","https://openalex.org/W1526802711","https://openalex.org/W1527970981","https://openalex.org/W1529227536","https://openalex.org/W1532131367","https://openalex.org/W1532290481","https://openalex.org/W1537943690","https://openalex.org/W1538053944","https://openalex.org/W1538666241","https://openalex.org/W1538900744","https://openalex.org/W1542064266","https://openalex.org/W1544097164","https://openalex.org/W1546449686","https://openalex.org/W1546727036","https://openalex.org/W1547575684","https://openalex.org/W1549164736","https://openalex.org/W1549265610","https://openalex.org/W1551663574","https://openalex.org/W1553511155","https://openalex.org/W1554332819","https://openalex.org/W1554538776","https://openalex.org/W1557561422","https://openalex.org/W1558115254","https://openalex.org/W1560253649","https://openalex.org/W1561420154","https://openalex.org/W1561664087","https://openalex.org/W1567380020","https://openalex.org/W1567899797","https://openalex.org/W1570978294","https://openalex.org/W1572478860","https://openalex.org/W1573911295","https://openalex.org/W1579218062","https://openalex.org/W1581378641","https://openalex.org/W1581769579","https://openalex.org/W1582924718","https://openalex.org/W1583435594","https://openalex.org/W1583630764","https://openalex.org/W1584721038","https://openalex.org/W1585023794","https://openalex.org/W1586167239","https://openalex.org/W1586302513","https://openalex.org/W1587902436","https://openalex.org/W1594912681","https://openalex.org/W1595209293","https://openalex.org/W1596722521","https://openalex.org/W1596865963","https://openalex.org/W1601157167","https://openalex.org/W1603543937","https://openalex.org/W1607231186","https://openalex.org/W1649012353","https://openalex.org/W1677427762","https://openalex.org/W1701372208","https://openalex.org/W1719912185","https://openalex.org/W1723067587","https://openalex.org/W1727609483","https://openalex.org/W1760139041","https://openalex.org/W1768814311","https://openalex.org/W1769439978","https://openalex.org/W1774729455","https://openalex.org/W1794148987","https://openalex.org/W1813213602","https://openalex.org/W1825294361","https://openalex.org/W1843198456","https://openalex.org/W1849370879","https://openalex.org/W1852211073","https://openalex.org/W1863850585","https://openalex.org/W1867436870","https://openalex.org/W1875842672","https://openalex.org/W1877307291","https://openalex.org/W1882245948","https://openalex.org/W1896092679","https://openalex.org/W1900292471","https://openalex.org/W1904308182","https://openalex.org/W1910466616","https://openalex.org/W1949275316","https://openalex.org/W1955004327","https://openalex.org/W1955878572","https://openalex.org/W1966663897","https://openalex.org/W1972429843","https://openalex.org/W1973312452","https://openalex.org/W1974190112","https://openalex.org/W1974984092","https://openalex.org/W1975091280","https://openalex.org/W1975808766","https://openalex.org/W1976978933","https://openalex.org/W1978373282","https://openalex.org/W1980786790","https://openalex.org/W1985987508","https://openalex.org/W1986402635","https://openalex.org/W1990204174","https://openalex.org/W1991450942","https://openalex.org/W1996404651","https://openalex.org/W1997799108","https://openalex.org/W2003298503","https://openalex.org/W2003420578","https://openalex.org/W2003556922","https://openalex.org/W2006462142","https://openalex.org/W2006731094","https://openalex.org/W2008880956","https://openalex.org/W2009248821","https://openalex.org/W2009464583","https://openalex.org/W2010959827","https://openalex.org/W2012441061","https://openalex.org/W2013140497","https://openalex.org/W2013532785","https://openalex.org/W2014904806","https://openalex.org/W2020060548","https://openalex.org/W2020747436","https://openalex.org/W2023035194","https://openalex.org/W2023237006","https://openalex.org/W2025018396","https://openalex.org/W2025431400","https://openalex.org/W2033348393","https://openalex.org/W2035405585","https://openalex.org/W2035625755","https://openalex.org/W2037026294","https://openalex.org/W2038814435","https://openalex.org/W2045060485","https://openalex.org/W2045255985","https://openalex.org/W2048536148","https://openalex.org/W2050033680","https://openalex.org/W2053068669","https://openalex.org/W2053913724","https://openalex.org/W2056972299","https://openalex.org/W2057294029","https://openalex.org/W2059895047","https://openalex.org/W2063217801","https://openalex.org/W2066079221","https://openalex.org/W2066210260","https://openalex.org/W2067540169","https://openalex.org/W2069300761","https://openalex.org/W2071091648","https://openalex.org/W2072920688","https://openalex.org/W2073742357","https://openalex.org/W2075373350","https://openalex.org/W2086054252","https://openalex.org/W2086201554","https://openalex.org/W2086221190","https://openalex.org/W2086751873","https://openalex.org/W2088785085","https://openalex.org/W2088975898","https://openalex.org/W2089459171","https://openalex.org/W2091657052","https://openalex.org/W2093058647","https://openalex.org/W2094015376","https://openalex.org/W2095631859","https://openalex.org/W2095761199","https://openalex.org/W2095770127","https://openalex.org/W2096282101","https://openalex.org/W2096529083","https://openalex.org/W2096639003","https://openalex.org/W2097437276","https://openalex.org/W2097699872","https://openalex.org/W2098691999","https://openalex.org/W2098909266","https://openalex.org/W2099161642","https://openalex.org/W2100738443","https://openalex.org/W2101614227","https://openalex.org/W2102143156","https://openalex.org/W2102259218","https://openalex.org/W2103335128","https://openalex.org/W2104422179","https://openalex.org/W2105559527","https://openalex.org/W2106718208","https://openalex.org/W2106895712","https://openalex.org/W2108945841","https://openalex.org/W2110768875","https://openalex.org/W2111694879","https://openalex.org/W2113065066","https://openalex.org/W2113181166","https://openalex.org/W2113739692","https://openalex.org/W2113871292","https://openalex.org/W2117029917","https://openalex.org/W2117489143","https://openalex.org/W2117590013","https://openalex.org/W2120029217","https://openalex.org/W2124110088","https://openalex.org/W2124461564","https://openalex.org/W2124798629","https://openalex.org/W2126671577","https://openalex.org/W2127382014","https://openalex.org/W2128057448","https://openalex.org/W2128448167","https://openalex.org/W2128992690","https://openalex.org/W2129022339","https://openalex.org/W2129270522","https://openalex.org/W2129384986","https://openalex.org/W2129671708","https://openalex.org/W2129695855","https://openalex.org/W2130427425","https://openalex.org/W2131024625","https://openalex.org/W2131315680","https://openalex.org/W2131637541","https://openalex.org/W2132761501","https://openalex.org/W2132795002","https://openalex.org/W2132818695","https://openalex.org/W2133093325","https://openalex.org/W2133889836","https://openalex.org/W2134919871","https://openalex.org/W2135625856","https://openalex.org/W2136219937","https://openalex.org/W2136310957","https://openalex.org/W2137554739","https://openalex.org/W2137628566","https://openalex.org/W2138474070","https://openalex.org/W2139128755","https://openalex.org/W2139659782","https://openalex.org/W2140583545","https://openalex.org/W2140849218","https://openalex.org/W2141260727","https://openalex.org/W2142224267","https://openalex.org/W2143162796","https://openalex.org/W2144407603","https://openalex.org/W2145108549","https://openalex.org/W2146104088","https://openalex.org/W2146679277","https://openalex.org/W2147137665","https://openalex.org/W2147323041","https://openalex.org/W2149220982","https://openalex.org/W2151295754","https://openalex.org/W2153532376","https://openalex.org/W2153881107","https://openalex.org/W2155438671","https://openalex.org/W2156064469","https://openalex.org/W2156433885","https://openalex.org/W2158003132","https://openalex.org/W2158848314","https://openalex.org/W2159709550","https://openalex.org/W2160363852","https://openalex.org/W2163347957","https://openalex.org/W2163552400","https://openalex.org/W2164688709","https://openalex.org/W2164781814","https://openalex.org/W2165163976","https://openalex.org/W2165594098","https://openalex.org/W2165657834","https://openalex.org/W2166089338","https://openalex.org/W2166178233","https://openalex.org/W2167029843","https://openalex.org/W2167814583","https://openalex.org/W2169030566","https://openalex.org/W2171086058","https://openalex.org/W2171266004","https://openalex.org/W2172307690","https://openalex.org/W2181666843","https://openalex.org/W2186298404","https://openalex.org/W2195119025","https://openalex.org/W2206900256","https://openalex.org/W2213989452","https://openalex.org/W2228920119","https://openalex.org/W2229278275","https://openalex.org/W2234299051","https://openalex.org/W2239722314","https://openalex.org/W2250815476","https://openalex.org/W2262606152","https://openalex.org/W2263142775","https://openalex.org/W2266083766","https://openalex.org/W2267469130","https://openalex.org/W2273920291","https://openalex.org/W2277214925","https://openalex.org/W2279061002","https://openalex.org/W2290325328","https://openalex.org/W2290529759","https://openalex.org/W2294599249","https://openalex.org/W2296387478","https://openalex.org/W2296677810","https://openalex.org/W2296772897","https://openalex.org/W2310495003","https://openalex.org/W2327442852","https://openalex.org/W2331346174","https://openalex.org/W2338570645","https://openalex.org/W2396983327","https://openalex.org/W2402209726","https://openalex.org/W2403653109","https://openalex.org/W2405679748","https://openalex.org/W2409359688","https://openalex.org/W2412632922","https://openalex.org/W2412986331","https://openalex.org/W2428112462","https://openalex.org/W2478126725","https://openalex.org/W2495149520","https://openalex.org/W2498671470","https://openalex.org/W2506025915","https://openalex.org/W2508346842","https://openalex.org/W2531054837","https://openalex.org/W2532041240","https://openalex.org/W2533890487","https://openalex.org/W2535018452","https://openalex.org/W2536147106","https://openalex.org/W2536396847","https://openalex.org/W2549482841","https://openalex.org/W2550513301","https://openalex.org/W2560908054","https://openalex.org/W2562833768","https://openalex.org/W2564756005","https://openalex.org/W2568721247","https://openalex.org/W2578546025","https://openalex.org/W2601874230","https://openalex.org/W2602010686","https://openalex.org/W2610208837","https://openalex.org/W2611818715","https://openalex.org/W2612881331","https://openalex.org/W2613133382","https://openalex.org/W2620747331","https://openalex.org/W2725162198","https://openalex.org/W2727092525","https://openalex.org/W2730651664","https://openalex.org/W2741418326","https://openalex.org/W2741973633","https://openalex.org/W2746433573","https://openalex.org/W2746677766","https://openalex.org/W2751878617","https://openalex.org/W2752344401","https://openalex.org/W2753707546","https://openalex.org/W2753799103","https://openalex.org/W2758276286","https://openalex.org/W2761718075","https://openalex.org/W2765144280","https://openalex.org/W2767437656","https://openalex.org/W2768537380","https://openalex.org/W2769308307","https://openalex.org/W2776248742","https://openalex.org/W2777305358","https://openalex.org/W2777354851","https://openalex.org/W2778960843","https://openalex.org/W2779850521","https://openalex.org/W2781242936","https://openalex.org/W2786736897","https://openalex.org/W2788900687","https://openalex.org/W2790499036","https://openalex.org/W2790974881","https://openalex.org/W2791390006","https://openalex.org/W2792493843","https://openalex.org/W2792694496","https://openalex.org/W2792757320","https://openalex.org/W2795795481","https://openalex.org/W2796244040","https://openalex.org/W2796561738","https://openalex.org/W2797934247","https://openalex.org/W2798365728","https://openalex.org/W2802193974","https://openalex.org/W2805888229","https://openalex.org/W2807324060","https://openalex.org/W2809147512","https://openalex.org/W2810335422","https://openalex.org/W2810678140","https://openalex.org/W2835280932","https://openalex.org/W2885030506","https://openalex.org/W2885318094","https://openalex.org/W2886891016","https://openalex.org/W2893106650","https://openalex.org/W2895763214","https://openalex.org/W2899599233","https://openalex.org/W2900842017","https://openalex.org/W2901454403","https://openalex.org/W2904162908","https://openalex.org/W2904573932","https://openalex.org/W2906388558","https://openalex.org/W2912842069","https://openalex.org/W2914101174","https://openalex.org/W2928036819","https://openalex.org/W2929954177","https://openalex.org/W2947314606","https://openalex.org/W2949985786","https://openalex.org/W2950468281","https://openalex.org/W2951122437","https://openalex.org/W2954603400","https://openalex.org/W2962820807","https://openalex.org/W2962905782","https://openalex.org/W2963376030","https://openalex.org/W2963412521","https://openalex.org/W2978136495","https://openalex.org/W2981616527","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W2987977008","https://openalex.org/W3011141959","https://openalex.org/W3012896203","https://openalex.org/W3021557643","https://openalex.org/W3023731641","https://openalex.org/W3023928742","https://openalex.org/W3037353331","https://openalex.org/W3083535000","https://openalex.org/W3098804310","https://openalex.org/W3099871017","https://openalex.org/W3102860998","https://openalex.org/W3104549103","https://openalex.org/W3105002484","https://openalex.org/W3105768380","https://openalex.org/W3105824395","https://openalex.org/W3121106327","https://openalex.org/W3122287721","https://openalex.org/W3122532368","https://openalex.org/W3122722170","https://openalex.org/W3122945969","https://openalex.org/W3123835709","https://openalex.org/W3141201467","https://openalex.org/W3145226404","https://openalex.org/W3145563287","https://openalex.org/W3145693741","https://openalex.org/W3149172452","https://openalex.org/W4212957569","https://openalex.org/W4213373854","https://openalex.org/W4213453328","https://openalex.org/W4214826241","https://openalex.org/W4230236249","https://openalex.org/W4230741574","https://openalex.org/W4233344990","https://openalex.org/W4234528212","https://openalex.org/W4235240131","https://openalex.org/W4235242776","https://openalex.org/W4237270226","https://openalex.org/W4237428230","https://openalex.org/W4238083723","https://openalex.org/W4239316923","https://openalex.org/W4241782937","https://openalex.org/W4243054153","https://openalex.org/W4243282648","https://openalex.org/W4245524452","https://openalex.org/W4246086292","https://openalex.org/W4246191294","https://openalex.org/W4246472322","https://openalex.org/W4247440592","https://openalex.org/W4248086195","https://openalex.org/W4250580541","https://openalex.org/W4250850800","https://openalex.org/W4251912342","https://openalex.org/W4253527523","https://openalex.org/W4256124958","https://openalex.org/W4256369010","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4288614128","https://openalex.org/W4292002755","https://openalex.org/W4294561821","https://openalex.org/W4294605005","https://openalex.org/W4297805567","https://openalex.org/W4298436432","https://openalex.org/W4298447450","https://openalex.org/W4298998189","https://openalex.org/W4300876653","https://openalex.org/W4302984605","https://openalex.org/W4394639621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W55831818","https://openalex.org/W4240778879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Development":[0],"of":[1,4,6,18,48,79,101,108],"formal":[2,50],"proofs":[3,51],"correctness":[5],"programs":[7],"can":[8],"increase":[9],"actual":[10],"and":[11,14,21,71,92,97,123],"perceived":[12],"reliability":[13],"facilitate":[15],"better":[16],"understanding":[17,107],"program":[19,112],"specifications":[20],"their":[22],"underlying":[23],"assumptions.":[24],"Tools":[25],"supporting":[26],"such":[27],"development":[28,70],"have":[29,37],"been":[30],"available":[31],"for":[32,111],"over":[33],"40":[34],"years,":[35],"but":[36],"only":[38],"recently":[39],"seen":[40],"wide":[41],"practical":[42,124],"use.":[43],"Projects":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46],"construction":[47],"machine-checked":[49],"are":[52],"now":[53],"reaching":[54],"an":[55],"unprecedented":[56],"scale,":[57],"comparable":[58],"to":[59,65],"large":[60],"software":[61],"projects,":[62],"which":[63],"leads":[64],"new":[66],"challenges":[67],"in":[68,85,116],"proof":[69,80,109,119,121,125],"maintenance.":[72],"Despite":[73],"its":[74,86],"increasing":[75],"importance,":[76],"the":[77,102],"field":[78],"engineering":[81,110],"is":[82],"seldom":[83],"considered":[84],"own":[87],"right;":[88],"related":[89],"theories,":[90],"techniques,":[91],"tools":[93],"span":[94],"many":[95],"fields":[96],"venues.":[98],"This":[99],"survey":[100],"literature":[103],"presents":[104],"a":[105],"holistic":[106],"correctness,":[113],"covering":[114],"impact":[115],"practice,":[117],"foundations,":[118],"automation,":[120],"organization,":[122],"development.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}