{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285529412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000066","title":"A Roadmap for US Robotics \u2013 From Internet to Robotics 2020 Edition","display_name":"A Roadmap for US Robotics \u2013 From Internet to Robotics 2020 Edition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285529412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/2300000066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43319301","display_name":"Foundations and Trends in Robotics","issn_l":"1935-8253","issn":["1935-8253","1935-8261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066237365","display_name":"Henrik I. Christensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-7502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.I. Christensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050205557","display_name":"Nancy M. Amato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-5290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Amato","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088817604","display_name":"Holly A. Yanco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-5865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Yanco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111926312","display_name":"Maja Matari\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Mataric","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048906141","display_name":"Howie Choset","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Choset","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000097985","display_name":"Ann W. Drobnis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Drobnis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Community Consortium, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Community Consortium, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050342525","display_name":"Ken Goldberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Goldberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037697344","display_name":"Jessy W. Grizzle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-0142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Grizzle","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041383246","display_name":"Gregory D. Hager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-9763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Hager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069193029","display_name":"John M. Hollerbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2093-9176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Hollerbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071296935","display_name":"Seth Hutchinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-6061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Hutchinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049231295","display_name":"Venkat Krovi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2539-896X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Krovi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clemson University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392989","display_name":"Daniel C. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4786-5883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026622322","display_name":"William D. Smart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6867-5125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Smart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032562243","display_name":"Jeff Trinkle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-2003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Trinkle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehigh University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehigh University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077367921","display_name":"Gaurav S. Sukhatme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2408-474X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Sukhatme","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96061008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"307","last_page":"424"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.8073999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.8073999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.7806000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.7688000202178955,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.8514613509178162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6668864488601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.43826791644096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/future-of-robotics","display_name":"Future of robotics","score":0.4355514645576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35523366928100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.20274609327316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1865561306476593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.8514613509178162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6668864488601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.43826791644096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148500892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Future of robotics","level":4,"score":0.4355514645576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35523366928100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.20274609327316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1865561306476593}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1561/2300000066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43319301","display_name":"Foundations and Trends in Robotics","issn_l":"1935-8253","issn":["1935-8253","1935-8261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036637075","https://openalex.org/W2049361901","https://openalex.org/W2092815276","https://openalex.org/W2144781570","https://openalex.org/W2154553161","https://openalex.org/W2531099434","https://openalex.org/W2600030077","https://openalex.org/W2802695546","https://openalex.org/W2910474428","https://openalex.org/W2918333121","https://openalex.org/W2963394817","https://openalex.org/W2976851556","https://openalex.org/W2977786941","https://openalex.org/W4292542163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4233452137","https://openalex.org/W4254857216","https://openalex.org/W405964254","https://openalex.org/W3200767610","https://openalex.org/W4250956039","https://openalex.org/W2012658348","https://openalex.org/W1508899372","https://openalex.org/W2045758229","https://openalex.org/W2600044631","https://openalex.org/W2512315741"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,36,105,123,128,163,175],"robotics":[2,154],"industry":[3,31],"celebrated":[4],"its":[5],"60-year":[6],"anniversary.":[7],"We":[8,54],"have":[9,55,90],"used":[10],"robots":[11,76],"for":[12,66],"more":[13],"than":[14],"six":[15],"decades":[16],"to":[17,20,43,80,131,140,143,149],"empower":[18],"people":[19],"do":[21],"things":[22],"that":[23,100,145,172,174],"are":[24,78],"typically":[25],"dirty,":[26],"dull":[27],"and/or":[28],"dangerous.":[29],"The":[30,116],"has":[32],"progressed":[33],"significantly":[34],"over":[35],"period":[37],"from":[38,93],"basic":[39],"mechanical":[40],"assist":[41,108],"systems":[42,99],"fully":[44],"autonomous":[45],"cars,":[46],"environmental":[47],"monitoring":[48],"and":[49,107,113,135,166],"exploration":[50],"of":[51,59,70,75,122,138,158,162,168],"outer":[52],"space.":[53],"seen":[56],"tremendous":[57],"adoption":[58,161,167],"IT":[60,91],"technology":[61,176],"in":[62,153,156,179],"our":[63],"daily":[64,110],"lives":[65],"a":[67,82,120,136,151,180],"diverse":[68],"set":[69],"support":[71,92],"tasks.":[72],"Through":[73],"use":[74],"we":[77,86],"starting":[79],"see":[81],"new":[83],"revolution,":[84],"as":[85],"not":[87],"only":[88],"will":[89,147],"tablets,":[94],"phones,":[95],"computers":[96],"but":[97],"also":[98],"can":[101],"physically":[102],"interact":[103],"with":[104,109],"world":[106],"tasks,":[111],"work,":[112],"leisure":[114],"activities.":[115],"present":[117],"document":[118],"is":[119,177],"summary":[121],"main":[124],"societal":[125],"opportunities":[126],"identified,":[127],"associated":[129],"challenges":[130],"deliver":[132],"desired":[133],"solutions":[134],"presentation":[137],"efforts":[139],"be":[141,150],"undertaken":[142],"ensure":[144,173],"US":[146],"continue":[148],"leader":[152],"both":[155],"terms":[157],"research":[159],"innovation,":[160],"latest":[164],"technology,":[165],"appropriate":[169],"policy":[170],"frameworks":[171],"utilized":[178],"responsible":[181],"fashion.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}