{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196986123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000062","title":"Adoption of Robots for Disasters: Lessons from the Response to COVID-19","display_name":"Adoption of Robots for Disasters: Lessons from the Response to COVID-19","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196986123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000062","mag":"3196986123"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/2300000062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43319301","display_name":"Foundations and Trends in Robotics","issn_l":"1935-8253","issn":["1935-8253","1935-8261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048150326","display_name":"Robin R. Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-4312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801613365","display_name":"Mitchell Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ds72003","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801613365"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robin Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University","Texas A&M University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801613365","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031263896","display_name":"Vignesh B.M. Gandudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-0550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801613365","display_name":"Mitchell Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ds72003","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801613365"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vignesh Babu Manjunath Gandudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University","Texas A&M University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801613365","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073773662","display_name":"Justin L. Adams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida State University","Florida State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029531111","display_name":"Angela Clendenin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8982-5479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801613365","display_name":"Mitchell Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ds72003","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801613365"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Clendenin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University","Texas A&M University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801613365","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036763290","display_name":"Jason Moats","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3458-0758"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Moats","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service","Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048150326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801613365","https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9606,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86257501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"130","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11430","display_name":"Disaster Response and Management","score":0.8622000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11430","display_name":"Disaster Response and Management","score":0.8622000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.7458000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8428875207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.6503631472587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.6427607536315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-response","display_name":"Disaster response","score":0.6052019596099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.43744584918022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.43520259857177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/betacoronavirus","display_name":"Betacoronavirus","score":0.4270462095737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.36082881689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3599989414215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.26187974214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21994951367378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-management","display_name":"Emergency management","score":0.2164972722530365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.215122789144516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17429864406585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak","display_name":"Outbreak","score":0.11281600594520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08286434412002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.07422885298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.058020561933517456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8428875207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.6503631472587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6427607536315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018653863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281355","display_name":"Disaster response","level":3,"score":0.6052019596099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.43744584918022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.43520259857177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16532287","display_name":"Betacoronavirus","level":5,"score":0.4270462095737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.36082881689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3599989414215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.26187974214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21994951367378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62555980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420","display_name":"Emergency management","level":2,"score":0.2164972722530365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.215122789144516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17429864406585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.11281600594520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08286434412002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.07422885298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.058020561933517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1561/2300000062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2300000062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43319301","display_name":"Foundations and Trends in Robotics","issn_l":"1935-8253","issn":["1935-8253","1935-8261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W233513014","https://openalex.org/W1459679309","https://openalex.org/W1965088673","https://openalex.org/W1971796909","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2137577228","https://openalex.org/W2488469568","https://openalex.org/W2751411813","https://openalex.org/W2768101236","https://openalex.org/W2958341383","https://openalex.org/W3012780255","https://openalex.org/W3020518471","https://openalex.org/W3040518840","https://openalex.org/W3047326222","https://openalex.org/W3088463365","https://openalex.org/W3114977466","https://openalex.org/W4235414394","https://openalex.org/W4256431479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3127156785","https://openalex.org/W3020699490","https://openalex.org/W3005417802","https://openalex.org/W4206419631","https://openalex.org/W3007868867","https://openalex.org/W4380742785","https://openalex.org/W3043486364","https://openalex.org/W3087206508","https://openalex.org/W3009461433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,25,435],"describes":[2],"how":[3,109,306],"robot":[4,114,506],"innovations":[5],"are":[6,123,140],"adopted":[7],"during":[8,116,149,258,269,339],"a":[9,17,21,113,117,150,155,161,171,250,259,270,329,401,450],"disaster":[10,271,443,451],"using":[11,180,504],"the":[12,32,49,69,73,95,98,101,110,141,174,181,215,275,279,351,355,379,395,396,408,414,424,432,491,501,505,531],"COVID-19":[13,70],"response":[14],"both":[15],"as":[16,64,90,320,423,528],"natural":[18],"experiment":[19],"and":[20,40,53,97,137,170,198,222,245,284,305,322,343,381,475,511,514,516,523,533],"case":[22],"study.":[23],"The":[24,152,188,227,261,324,390,434],"is":[26,193,229,297,407],"based":[27],"on":[28,524],"an":[29,166,202,418],"analysis":[30,153,262,391],"of":[31,35,38,100,105,160,173,177,191,205,214,234,253,256,267,274,278,282,286,303,332,357,359,362,383,398,404,410,426,503,509,535],"R4ID":[33],"dataset":[34],"203":[36,216],"instances":[37],"ground":[39],"aerial":[41],"robots":[42,146,192,364,399,454,462,471,485],"in":[43,48,83,232,370,480,507,521],"34":[44],"countries":[45],"explicitly":[46],"reported":[47],"press,":[50],"social":[51],"media,":[52],"scientific":[54],"literature":[55],"from":[56],"January":[57],"24,":[58],"2020,":[59,63],"to":[60,68,80,144,249,311,313,366,431,452,455,483,490,529],"July":[61],"4,":[62],"being":[65],"used":[66],"due":[67,365],"pandemic.":[71],"While":[72],"reports":[74],"do":[75],"not":[76,417],"provide":[77],"sufficient":[78],"detail":[79],"ascertain":[81],"gaps":[82],"specific":[84,87],"algorithms":[85],"or":[86,93,133,372,463],"subsystems,":[88],"such":[89],"perception,":[91],"manipulation,":[92],"autonomy,":[94],"size":[96],"pervasiveness":[99],"data":[102,228,325,352],"permits":[103],"examination":[104,204],"three":[106],"questions:":[107],"1)":[108,445],"need":[111,310],"for":[112,212,336,378,400,440,499],"arises":[115],"disaster,":[118,402,492],"2)":[119,460],"whether":[120],"those":[121],"needs":[122],"met":[124],"with":[125,437,447],"existing":[126,131,363],"technically":[127,206],"mature":[128,207],"robots,":[129,132,136],"adapting":[130],"innovating":[134],"new":[135],"3)":[138,478],"what":[139],"major":[142],"barriers":[143],"inserting":[145],"into":[147,315,486,496],"use":[148,488],"disaster.":[151,260,433],"utilizes":[154],"novel":[156],"formal":[157,251,497],"framework":[158],"consisting":[159],"sociotechnical":[162],"work":[163,196,316,405,446],"domain":[164,197],"analysis,":[165,169],"extended":[167],"demand":[168,236,411,525],"rating":[172],"technical":[175],"maturity":[176],"each":[178],"instance":[179],"NASA":[182],"Technical":[183],"Readiness":[184],"Assessment":[185],"(TRA)":[186],"ranking.":[187],"relative":[189],"TRA":[190],"compared":[194],"by":[195,201,300,413,421],"modality,":[199],"followed":[200],"in-depth":[203],"Heritage":[208,538],"systems,":[209],"which":[210],"accounted":[211],"74%":[213],"instances,":[217],"modified":[218],"Engineering":[219],"Systems":[220,224],"(13%),":[221],"New":[223],"accounting":[225],"(13%).":[226],"also":[230,318,326,392],"discussed":[231],"terms":[233,508],"a)":[235],"pull":[237,412],"versus":[238],"innovation":[239,419],"push,":[240],"b)":[241],"availability,":[242],"c)":[243],"suitability,":[244],"4)":[246,517],"risk,":[247],"leading":[248],"model":[252],"organization":[254],"adoption":[255,266,296,382,397],"robotics":[257,268],"shows":[263,353,393],"that":[264,295,328,354,394,465,470],"organizational":[265],"embodies":[272],"two":[273],"four":[276,438],"components":[277],"Unified":[280],"Theory":[281],"Acceptance":[283],"Use":[285],"Technology":[287],"Model":[288],"(UTAUT)":[289],"(Venkatesh":[290],"et":[291],"al.,":[292],"2003),":[293],"specifically":[294],"primarily":[298],"influenced":[299],"end-users\u2019":[301],"expectations":[302],"performance":[304,513],"much":[307],"effort":[308],"they":[309],"expend":[312],"integrate":[314,484],"processes,":[317],"known":[319],"suitability":[321],"risk.":[323],"suggests":[327],"third":[330],"component":[331],"UTAUT,":[333],"facilitating":[334],"conditions":[335,377],"adoption,":[337],"occurs":[338],"disasters":[340],"because":[341],"regulations":[342],"acquisition":[344],"policies":[345],"may":[346],"be":[347,473],"waived.":[348],"In":[349],"addition,":[350],"lack":[356],"availability":[358,532],"some":[360],"models":[361],"low":[367,536],"inventory,":[368],"delays":[369],"delivery,":[371],"high":[373],"purchase":[374],"price":[375],"facilitated":[376],"development":[380],"new,":[384],"possibly":[385],"less":[386],"reliable,":[387],"alternative":[388],"robots.":[389,539],"regardless":[403],"domain,":[406],"result":[409],"primary":[415],"stakeholders,":[416],"push":[420],"roboticists,":[422],"majority":[425],"missions":[427],"were":[428],"established":[429,458],"prior":[430,489],"concludes":[436],"recommendations":[439],"roboticists":[441],"pursuing":[442],"robotics:":[444],"stakeholders":[448],"before":[449],"design":[453,461,522],"meet":[456],"pre-existing":[457],"demands,":[459],"software":[464],"support":[466],"multiple":[467],"uses":[468],"so":[469,527],"can":[472],"quickly":[474],"safely":[476],"adapted,":[477],"engage":[479],"technology":[481],"transfer":[482],"operational":[487],"conduct":[493,518],"fundamental":[494,519],"research":[495,520],"methods":[498],"projecting":[500],"risk":[502],"direct":[510],"indirect":[512],"consequences,":[515],"manufacturing":[526],"increase":[530],"functionality":[534],"cost":[537]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T13:48:15.688549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}