{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405738088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000101","title":"Fairness in Search Systems","display_name":"Fairness in Search Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405738088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/1500000101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197106261","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval","issn_l":"1554-0669","issn":["1554-0669","1554-0677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071264621","display_name":"Fang Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-2351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017791408","display_name":"Ashudeep Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7027-1305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashudeep Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937","https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021486404","display_name":"Zhiqiang Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-7540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Rochester Institute of Technology ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Rochester Institute of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071264621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96599934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"262","last_page":"416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9226999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4643585681915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3768678903579712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4643585681915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3768678903579712}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1561/1500000101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197106261","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval","issn_l":"1554-0669","issn":["1554-0669","1554-0677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.scu.edu:faculty_books-1655","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/faculty_books/655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196452","display_name":"Scholar Commons (Santa Clara University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","host_organization_name":"Santa Clara University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Book Gallery","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":231,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1094752974","https://openalex.org/W1554394657","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1965582578","https://openalex.org/W1966066012","https://openalex.org/W1966443646","https://openalex.org/W1967879792","https://openalex.org/W1974360117","https://openalex.org/W1987831316","https://openalex.org/W1992549066","https://openalex.org/W2002213000","https://openalex.org/W2006447892","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2020160576","https://openalex.org/W2023599408","https://openalex.org/W2026784708","https://openalex.org/W2026826085","https://openalex.org/W2031160476","https://openalex.org/W2031536661","https://openalex.org/W2034977219","https://openalex.org/W2041946752","https://openalex.org/W2048045485","https://openalex.org/W2055981215","https://openalex.org/W2071446250","https://openalex.org/W2072992969","https://openalex.org/W2090883204","https://openalex.org/W2095932468","https://openalex.org/W2099213975","https://openalex.org/W2100047082","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2116984840","https://openalex.org/W2126281141","https://openalex.org/W2132314908","https://openalex.org/W2149252982","https://openalex.org/W2149427297","https://openalex.org/W2152314154","https://openalex.org/W2154739689","https://openalex.org/W2157128462","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2168535456","https://openalex.org/W2339829457","https://openalex.org/W2340526403","https://openalex.org/W2405884322","https://openalex.org/W2507134384","https://openalex.org/W2544318541","https://openalex.org/W2591615201","https://openalex.org/W2604520541","https://openalex.org/W2605131521","https://openalex.org/W2605567246","https://openalex.org/W2666919929","https://openalex.org/W2704480242","https://openalex.org/W2748058847","https://openalex.org/W2749689103","https://openalex.org/W2765564115","https://openalex.org/W2783668259","https://openalex.org/W2784068709","https://openalex.org/W2787991113","https://openalex.org/W2790393363","https://openalex.org/W2798460079","https://openalex.org/W2804927761","https://openalex.org/W2808105152","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2897955056","https://openalex.org/W2899259597","https://openalex.org/W2905569957","https://openalex.org/W2911802745","https://openalex.org/W2912638141","https://openalex.org/W2926555354","https://openalex.org/W2945505538","https://openalex.org/W2949678053","https://openalex.org/W2950173087","https://openalex.org/W2954672622","https://openalex.org/W2954709318","https://openalex.org/W2955421345","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962762307","https://openalex.org/W2962977061","https://openalex.org/W2963078909","https://openalex.org/W2963104135","https://openalex.org/W2963189767","https://openalex.org/W2964023221","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2964247748","https://openalex.org/W2970231061","https://openalex.org/W2972358762","https://openalex.org/W2972413484","https://openalex.org/W2973172293","https://openalex.org/W2974817986","https://openalex.org/W2975827734","https://openalex.org/W2981070927","https://openalex.org/W2989067042","https://openalex.org/W2990384129","https://openalex.org/W2995006168","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W2997398218","https://openalex.org/W2999337736","https://openalex.org/W3012600133","https://openalex.org/W3012624518","https://openalex.org/W3012903288","https://openalex.org/W3013854004","https://openalex.org/W3015834167","https://openalex.org/W3023202929","https://openalex.org/W3026732421","https://openalex.org/W3028135017","https://openalex.org/W3028722847","https://openalex.org/W3032340379","https://openalex.org/W3035296331","https://openalex.org/W3035680038","https://openalex.org/W3035707807","https://openalex.org/W3044963235","https://openalex.org/W3048821638","https://openalex.org/W3083093643","https://openalex.org/W3088432326","https://openalex.org/W3094447523","https://openalex.org/W3100107515","https://openalex.org/W3101206394","https://openalex.org/W3105882417","https://openalex.org/W3115087172","https://openalex.org/W3125913709","https://openalex.org/W3125944471","https://openalex.org/W3129302614","https://openalex.org/W3136507106","https://openalex.org/W3137364072","https://openalex.org/W3138773240","https://openalex.org/W3140222185","https://openalex.org/W3152436735","https://openalex.org/W3152661589","https://openalex.org/W3152733223","https://openalex.org/W3152757293","https://openalex.org/W3153390169","https://openalex.org/W3153981876","https://openalex.org/W3154654049","https://openalex.org/W3155345376","https://openalex.org/W3163155381","https://openalex.org/W3166449174","https://openalex.org/W3166961312","https://openalex.org/W3170344956","https://openalex.org/W3170841641","https://openalex.org/W3173777717","https://openalex.org/W3174395954","https://openalex.org/W3176477796","https://openalex.org/W3177189402","https://openalex.org/W3179526152","https://openalex.org/W3181882572","https://openalex.org/W3182104952","https://openalex.org/W3182127371","https://openalex.org/W3184074550","https://openalex.org/W3197548413","https://openalex.org/W3199396412","https://openalex.org/W3205213941","https://openalex.org/W3206487987","https://openalex.org/W3208695477","https://openalex.org/W3209190492","https://openalex.org/W3213148312","https://openalex.org/W3214554611","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4212880566","https://openalex.org/W4213113302","https://openalex.org/W4220760463","https://openalex.org/W4220802549","https://openalex.org/W4220993274","https://openalex.org/W4225378011","https://openalex.org/W4225526755","https://openalex.org/W4226099958","https://openalex.org/W4229032688","https://openalex.org/W4282027681","https://openalex.org/W4283156909","https://openalex.org/W4283166367","https://openalex.org/W4283450956","https://openalex.org/W4283654062","https://openalex.org/W4284672561","https://openalex.org/W4284673705","https://openalex.org/W4284690424","https://openalex.org/W4285059900","https://openalex.org/W4285143031","https://openalex.org/W4285210581","https://openalex.org/W4285288507","https://openalex.org/W4287887636","https://openalex.org/W4288079518","https://openalex.org/W4289534000","https://openalex.org/W4290840946","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4292773226","https://openalex.org/W4293248853","https://openalex.org/W4302322961","https://openalex.org/W4307539157","https://openalex.org/W4316116707","https://openalex.org/W4318710363","https://openalex.org/W4321485563","https://openalex.org/W4327499159","https://openalex.org/W4327644549","https://openalex.org/W4327909986","https://openalex.org/W4366547335","https://openalex.org/W4367046654","https://openalex.org/W4367046808","https://openalex.org/W4367047378","https://openalex.org/W4367623465","https://openalex.org/W4376988578","https://openalex.org/W4379251566","https://openalex.org/W4382130877","https://openalex.org/W4382490899","https://openalex.org/W4385302663","https://openalex.org/W4385562516","https://openalex.org/W4385567068","https://openalex.org/W4385567997","https://openalex.org/W4385612782","https://openalex.org/W4385894687","https://openalex.org/W4387195417","https://openalex.org/W4388687124","https://openalex.org/W4389520508","https://openalex.org/W4389523765","https://openalex.org/W4389523771","https://openalex.org/W4390872723","https://openalex.org/W4391673302","https://openalex.org/W4393074836","https://openalex.org/W4394880102","https://openalex.org/W4394947904","https://openalex.org/W4396758705","https://openalex.org/W4398229992","https://openalex.org/W4399605340","https://openalex.org/W4400526908","https://openalex.org/W4400528870","https://openalex.org/W4400528970","https://openalex.org/W4401043313","https://openalex.org/W4401043431","https://openalex.org/W4401044046","https://openalex.org/W4401330236","https://openalex.org/W4401863498","https://openalex.org/W4402716166","https://openalex.org/W4403582657","https://openalex.org/W4416033899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Search":[0],"engines":[1],"play":[2],"a":[3,60,126],"crucial":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,65,114,131],"organizing":[7],"and":[8,21,26,32,44,68,87,91,96,110,143],"delivering":[9],"information":[10,145],"to":[11,39,124,139],"billions":[12],"of":[13,51,63,117],"users":[14],"worldwide.":[15],"However,":[16],"these":[17],"systems":[18,67],"often":[19],"reflect":[20],"amplify":[22],"existing":[23,104],"societal":[24],"biases":[25],"stereotypes":[27],"through":[28],"their":[29],"search":[30,55,66,82,119],"results":[31],"rankings.":[33],"This":[34,57],"concern":[35],"has":[36],"prompted":[37],"researchers":[38],"investigate":[40],"methods":[41],"for":[42,128],"measuring":[43],"reducing":[45],"algorithmic":[46],"bias,":[47],"with":[48],"the":[49,70,103,115],"goal":[50],"developing":[52],"more":[53,141],"equitable":[54,144],"systems.":[56,120],"monograph":[58],"presents":[59],"comprehensive":[61],"taxonomy":[62],"fairness":[64],"surveys":[69],"current":[71],"research":[72,112],"landscape.":[73],"We":[74],"systematically":[75],"examine":[76],"how":[77],"bias":[78],"manifests":[79],"across":[80],"key":[81],"components,":[83],"including":[84],"query":[85],"interpretation":[86],"processing,":[88],"document":[89],"representation":[90],"indexing,":[92],"result":[93],"ranking":[94],"algorithms,":[95],"system":[97],"evaluation":[98],"metrics.":[99],"By":[100],"critically":[101],"analyzing":[102],"literature,":[105],"we":[106],"identify":[107],"persistent":[108],"challenges":[109],"promising":[111],"directions":[113],"pursuit":[116],"fairer":[118],"Our":[121],"aim":[122],"is":[123],"provide":[125],"foundation":[127],"future":[129],"work":[130],"this":[132],"rapidly":[133],"evolving":[134],"field":[135],"while":[136],"highlighting":[137],"opportunities":[138],"create":[140],"inclusive":[142],"retrieval":[146],"technologies.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T06:10:10.580331","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}