{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215475614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1100000083","title":"Auditing Algorithms: Understanding Algorithmic Systems from the Outside In","display_name":"Auditing Algorithms: Understanding Algorithmic Systems from the Outside In","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215475614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1100000083","mag":"3215475614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/1100000083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1100000083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189699570","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1551-3955","issn":["1551-3955","1551-3963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1100000083","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086524212","display_name":"Dana\u00eb Metaxa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-6090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dana\u00eb Metaxa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University","Stanford University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101836529","display_name":"Joon Sung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5910-411X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joon Sung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University","Stanford University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073774344","display_name":"Ronald E. Robertson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-5050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87182695","display_name":"Universidad del Noreste","ror":"https://ror.org/02ahky613","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87182695"]}],"countries":["MX","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald E. Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University","Northeastern University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87182695"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075056899","display_name":"Karrie Karahalios","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8788-3405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karrie Karahalios","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072703507","display_name":"Christo Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-004X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87182695","display_name":"Universidad del Noreste","ror":"https://ror.org/02ahky613","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87182695"]}],"countries":["MX","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christo Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University","Northeastern University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87182695"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045528962","display_name":"Jeffrey T. Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5367-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University","Stanford University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082707744","display_name":"Christian Sandvig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9025-536X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Sandvig","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan","University of Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.262,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97398958,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"272","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.1054999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.1054999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.5742254853248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5718140006065369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4269565939903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.1578652560710907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11355921626091003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.5742254853248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5718140006065369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4269565939903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.1578652560710907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11355921626091003}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1561/1100000083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1100000083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189699570","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1551-3955","issn":["1551-3955","1551-3963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033340034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/HCI-083","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software, multimedia"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/1100000083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1100000083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189699570","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1551-3955","issn":["1551-3955","1551-3963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2317200988","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2386767533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Algorithms":[0],"are":[1,78],"ubiquitous":[2],"and":[3,27,31,34,37,42,53,59,74,81,116,131,183,185,215,221],"critical":[4],"sources":[5],"of":[6,29,88,111,142,150,165,177,188,218,228],"information":[7,18,39],"online,":[8],"increasingly":[9],"acting":[10],"as":[11,69,203],"gatekeepers":[12],"for":[13,191,225],"users":[14,93],"accessing":[15],"or":[16],"sharing":[17],"about":[19,40,125],"virtually":[20],"any":[21],"topic,":[22],"including":[23,147,179],"their":[24],"personal":[25],"lives":[26],"those":[28],"friends":[30],"family,":[32],"news":[33],"politics,":[35,181],"entertainment,":[36],"even":[38],"health":[41],"well-being.":[43],"As":[44],"a":[45,109,163,175,186,204],"result,":[46],"algorithmically-curated":[47],"content":[48,65,90],"is":[49,71,105,161],"drawing":[50],"increased":[51],"attention":[52],"scrutiny":[54],"from":[55,157],"users,":[56],"the":[57,89,106,126,143,148,154,170,212,226],"media,":[58],"lawmakers":[60],"alike.":[61],"However,":[62],"studying":[63],"such":[64],"poses":[66],"considerable":[67],"challenges,":[68],"it":[70],"both":[72],"dynamic":[73],"ephemeral:":[75],"these":[76,197],"algorithms":[77],"constantly":[79],"changing,":[80],"frequently":[82],"changing":[83],"silently,":[84],"with":[85],"no":[86],"record":[87],"to":[91,122],"which":[92,158],"have":[94],"been":[95],"exposed":[96],"over":[97,169],"time.":[98],"One":[99],"strategy":[100],"that":[101],"has":[102],"proven":[103],"effective":[104],"algorithm":[107,115,144,167,193],"audit:":[108],"method":[110,160],"repeatedly":[112],"querying":[113],"an":[114,140],"observing":[117],"its":[118],"output":[119],"in":[120,153,174],"order":[121],"draw":[123],"conclusions":[124],"algorithm\u2019s":[127],"opaque":[128],"inner":[129],"workings":[130],"possible":[132],"external":[133],"impact.":[134],"In":[135],"this":[136,159,229],"work,":[137],"we":[138,208],"present":[139],"overview":[141],"audit":[145,151],"methodology,":[146],"history":[149],"studies":[152],"social":[155],"sciences":[156],"derived;":[162],"summary":[164],"key":[166],"audits":[168,194,202],"last":[171],"two":[172],"decades":[173],"variety":[176],"domains,":[178],"health,":[180],"discrimination,":[182],"others;":[184],"set":[187],"best":[189],"practices":[190,198],"conducting":[192],"today,":[195],"contextualizing":[196],"using":[199],"search":[200],"engine":[201],"case":[205],"study.":[206],"Finally,":[207],"conclude":[209],"by":[210],"discussing":[211],"social,":[213],"ethical,":[214],"political":[216],"dimensions":[217],"auditing":[219],"algorithms,":[220],"propose":[222],"normative":[223],"standards":[224],"use":[227],"method.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-09T07:27:16.801131","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}