{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415421841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15439/2025f5708","title":"Out-Of-Distribution Is Not Magic: The Clash Between Rejection Rate and Model Success","display_name":"Out-Of-Distribution Is Not Magic: The Clash Between Rejection Rate and Model Success","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415421841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15439/2025f5708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.15439/2025f5708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15439/2025f5708","pdf_url":"https://annals-csis.org/Volume_43/drp/pdf/5708.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651875","display_name":"Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems","issn_l":"2300-5963","issn":["2300-5963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317484","host_organization_name":"Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317484"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://annals-csis.org/Volume_43/drp/pdf/5708.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120090624","display_name":"Itay Meiri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Itay Meiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027608715","display_name":"Ran Dubin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-2211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Dubin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-2211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081239516","display_name":"Amit Dvir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-0784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Dvir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-0784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023899502","display_name":"Chen Hajaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-5654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Hajaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Center"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-5654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25983918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":null,"first_page":"345","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9567000269889832,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.2976999878883362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.24699999392032623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.24400000274181366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.15439/2025f5708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15439/2025f5708","pdf_url":"https://annals-csis.org/Volume_43/drp/pdf/5708.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651875","display_name":"Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems","issn_l":"2300-5963","issn":["2300-5963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317484","host_organization_name":"Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317484"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0685a05385244817b1d0a918f3d13404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0685a05385244817b1d0a918f3d13404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annals of computer science and information systems, Vol 43, Pp 345-350 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15439/2025f5708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15439/2025f5708","pdf_url":"https://annals-csis.org/Volume_43/drp/pdf/5708.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651875","display_name":"Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems","issn_l":"2300-5963","issn":["2300-5963"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317484","host_organization_name":"Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317484"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415421841.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415421841.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2895752198","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W3093725613","https://openalex.org/W3134105090","https://openalex.org/W4226116716","https://openalex.org/W4283068901","https://openalex.org/W4291221109","https://openalex.org/W4365128386","https://openalex.org/W4407722652","https://openalex.org/W4407901617","https://openalex.org/W4408469607"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,69,130,192],"Internet":[3],"protocols,":[4],"including":[5],"DNS":[6],"over":[7],"HTTPS":[8],"(DoH)":[9],"and":[10,59,67,97,101,137],"Encrypted":[11],"Service":[12],"Name":[13],"Indicators":[14],"(ESNI),":[15],"are":[16],"making":[17],"traditional":[18],"Deep":[19],"Packet":[20],"Inspection":[21],"(DPI)":[22],"engines":[23],"obsolete.Consequently,":[24],"there":[25],"is":[26,182],"a":[27,128,189],"growing":[28],"need":[29],"for":[30,93,108,112,134,184],"nextgeneration":[31],"traffic":[32,42,62,95],"classification":[33,96],"using":[34,104],"artificial":[35],"intelligence":[36],"(AI).While":[37],"DPI":[38],"automatically":[39,48],"categorizes":[40],"unknown":[41,50],"as":[43],"'other,'":[44],"AI-based":[45],"models":[46,55],"cannot":[47],"handle":[49],"or":[51],"Outof-Distribution":[52],"(OOD)":[53],"traffic.AI":[54],"must":[56],"effectively":[57],"detect":[58],"classify":[60],"OOD":[61,82,90,124,142],"to":[63,77,127,151,163],"ensure":[64],"robustness,":[65],"reliability,":[66],"accuracy":[68],"real-world":[70],"applications;":[71],"however,":[72],"current":[73],"research":[74],"often":[75],"fails":[76],"address":[78],"the":[79,99,109,131,156,166],"challenges":[80],"of":[81,103],"detection.In":[83],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,177],"evaluate":[87],"various":[88],"state-of-the-art":[89],"detection":[91,139],"techniques":[92],"internet":[94],"explore":[98],"drawbacks":[100],"advantages":[102],"different":[105],"threshold":[106],"levels":[107],"model's":[110],"tolerance":[111],"OOD.Our":[113],"findings":[114],"reveal":[115],"that":[116,145,179],"varying":[117],"rejection":[118,147],"rates":[119,148],"have":[120],"distinct":[121],"effects":[122],"on":[123],"techniques,":[125],"leading":[126],"change":[129],"optimal":[132],"strategy":[133],"achieving":[135],"dependable":[136],"precise":[138],"across":[140],"diverse":[141],"scenarios.We":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"adjusting":[146],"from":[149],"10%":[150],"30%":[152],"can":[153],"significantly":[154],"improve":[155],"True":[157],"Detection":[158,168],"Rate":[159,169],"(TDR)":[160],"by":[161,173],"up":[162],"50%,":[164],"while":[165],"False":[167],"(FDR)":[170],"may":[171],"increase":[172],"less":[174],"than":[175],"10%.Moreover,":[176],"emphasize":[178],"rejection-rate-based":[180],"evaluation":[181],"pivotal":[183],"next-generation":[185],"flow":[186],"classification,":[187],"promising":[188],"substantial":[190],"reduction":[191],"FDR":[193],"through":[194],"rigorous":[195],"methodological":[196],"assessment.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}
