{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129101971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15388/20-infor440","title":"Distributed Trust, a Blockchain Election Scheme","display_name":"Distributed Trust, a Blockchain Election Scheme","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129101971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15388/20-infor440","mag":"3129101971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.15388/20-infor440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15388/20-infor440","pdf_url":"https://informatica.vu.lt/journal/INFORMATICA/article/1213/file/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57195646","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0868-4952","issn":["0868-4952","1822-8844"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://informatica.vu.lt/journal/INFORMATICA/article/1213/file/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045771918","display_name":"Antonio M. Larriba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7580-2532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131846","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03c0ach84","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio M. Larriba","raw_affiliation_strings":["VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain","VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131846","https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026300948","display_name":"Aleix Cerd\u00e0 i Cuc\u00f3","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleix Cerd\u00e0 i Cuc\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos y Computaci\u00f3n, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos y Computaci\u00f3n, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013960593","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Sempere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2393-9224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131846","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03c0ach84","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Sempere","raw_affiliation_strings":["VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain","VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131846","https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054192669","display_name":"Dami\u00e1n L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-3862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131846","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03c0ach84","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dami\u00e1n L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VRAIN -Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131846","https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9108,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87807176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"321","last_page":"355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.84182208776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.816734790802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.8086211681365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-voting","display_name":"Electronic voting","score":0.8052270412445068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.664400577545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6584445238113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5874788761138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.556850790977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-third-party","display_name":"Trusted third party","score":0.442863792181015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4210166037082672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.344284325838089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14609187841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.11559262871742249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.84182208776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.816734790802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.8086211681365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780612046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926161","display_name":"Electronic voting","level":4,"score":0.8052270412445068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.664400577545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6584445238113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5874788761138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.556850790977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139089976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142273","display_name":"Trusted third party","level":2,"score":0.442863792181015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4210166037082672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.344284325838089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14609187841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11559262871742249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.15388/20-infor440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15388/20-infor440","pdf_url":"https://informatica.vu.lt/journal/INFORMATICA/article/1213/file/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57195646","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0868-4952","issn":["0868-4952","1822-8844"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/183576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/183576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400639","display_name":"RiuNet (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15388/20-infor440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15388/20-infor440","pdf_url":"https://informatica.vu.lt/journal/INFORMATICA/article/1213/file/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57195646","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0868-4952","issn":["0868-4952","1822-8844"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129101971.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129101971.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185290757","https://openalex.org/W1591524234","https://openalex.org/W2030877481","https://openalex.org/W2047079213","https://openalex.org/W2054584570","https://openalex.org/W2061562697","https://openalex.org/W2073577467","https://openalex.org/W2101048497","https://openalex.org/W2103647628","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2110326448","https://openalex.org/W2138784757","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2486646985","https://openalex.org/W2528561030","https://openalex.org/W2606347080","https://openalex.org/W2619470952","https://openalex.org/W2623962760","https://openalex.org/W2770272410","https://openalex.org/W2911825405","https://openalex.org/W2914797198","https://openalex.org/W2921262352","https://openalex.org/W2926987861","https://openalex.org/W2949530988","https://openalex.org/W2968254374","https://openalex.org/W2996426708","https://openalex.org/W3037299667","https://openalex.org/W3098532907","https://openalex.org/W3113167932"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311463983","https://openalex.org/W3108317354","https://openalex.org/W4297573717","https://openalex.org/W1596100069","https://openalex.org/W4283692793","https://openalex.org/W4321843854","https://openalex.org/W157440325","https://openalex.org/W1535364928","https://openalex.org/W2204758769","https://openalex.org/W1604508552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Voting":[0,38],"systems":[1],"are":[2,7],"as":[3,5,62,68],"useful":[4],"people":[6,31],"willing":[8],"to":[9,71,76],"use":[10],"them.":[11],"Although":[12],"many":[13],"electronic":[14,36],"election":[15],"schemes":[16],"have":[17,28],"been":[18,29],"proposed":[19],"through":[20,89],"the":[21,66],"years,":[22],"and":[23,92],"some":[24],"real":[25],"case":[26],"scenarios":[27],"tested,":[30],"still":[32],"do":[33],"not":[34,40],"trust":[35],"voting.":[37],"is":[39,94],"only":[41],"about":[42,47],"technological":[43],"challenges":[44],"but":[45],"also":[46],"credibility,":[48],"therefore,":[49],"we":[50,80],"propose":[51,81],"a":[52,69,90],"voting":[53],"system":[54,79],"focused":[55],"on":[56],"trust.":[57],"We":[58],"introduce":[59],"political":[60],"parties":[61],"active":[63],"partners":[64],"in":[65],"elections":[67],"mechanism":[70],"encourage":[72],"more":[73],"traditional":[74],"electors":[75],"participate.":[77],"The":[78],"here":[82],"preserves":[83],"elector\u2019s":[84],"privacy,":[85],"it":[86,93],"operates":[87],"publicly":[88],"blockchain":[91],"auditable":[95],"by":[96],"third":[97],"parties.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}