{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020400082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872098779591287","title":"Effects of Variation in System Responsiveness on User Performance in Virtual Environments","display_name":"Effects of Variation in System Responsiveness on User Performance in Virtual Environments","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020400082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872098779591287","mag":"2020400082","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872098779591287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872098779591287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.18085","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016365293","display_name":"Benjamin Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3758-7357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","Department of Computing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071598796","display_name":"Neff Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-2978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286959531","display_name":"United Nations","ror":"https://ror.org/006kxhp52","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neff Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","United Nations","Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Nations","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110208682","display_name":"William Ribarsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Ribarsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","University of Cincinnati"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039006356","display_name":"Victoria A. Spaulding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Spaulding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7976,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92484848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"403","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6846399307250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6716739535331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6474865674972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.637679934501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5768441557884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.4819357395172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-feedback","display_name":"Visual feedback","score":0.472500205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.438287615776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.43698474764823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.4236219525337219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3954891562461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3813979923725128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2221176028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13011476397514343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08283862471580505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6846399307250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6716739535331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6474865674972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.637679934501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5768441557884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.4819357395172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020716817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4132092","display_name":"Visual feedback","level":2,"score":0.472500205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.438287615776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.43698474764823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.4236219525337219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3954891562461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3813979923725128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2221176028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13011476397514343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08283862471580505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003626","descriptor_name":"Data Display","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003626","descriptor_name":"Data Display","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003626","descriptor_name":"Data Display","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872098779591287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872098779591287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9849102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.18085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18085","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.18085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.39.2539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.39.2539","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~watsonb/school/docs/human.factors.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:smartech.gatech.edu:1853/3519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1853/3519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196313","display_name":"SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","host_organization_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.18085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18085","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.18085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114330277","https://openalex.org/W1480730167","https://openalex.org/W1499117269","https://openalex.org/W1520044892","https://openalex.org/W1552815313","https://openalex.org/W1557496348","https://openalex.org/W1635935994","https://openalex.org/W1986255882","https://openalex.org/W2012986850","https://openalex.org/W2013073142","https://openalex.org/W2023431447","https://openalex.org/W2067288944","https://openalex.org/W2085137567","https://openalex.org/W2109862258","https://openalex.org/W2115592467","https://openalex.org/W2136013268","https://openalex.org/W2136034920","https://openalex.org/W2145946022","https://openalex.org/W2339774882","https://openalex.org/W3157455592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240558103","https://openalex.org/W4211070486","https://openalex.org/W3049181615","https://openalex.org/W2754277141","https://openalex.org/W2061219186","https://openalex.org/W2985724587","https://openalex.org/W2014383725","https://openalex.org/W2157759147","https://openalex.org/W1884167867","https://openalex.org/W2722844651"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"System":[0],"responsiveness":[1],"(SR)":[2],"is":[3],"defined":[4],"as":[5],"the":[6,137],"elapsed":[7],"time":[8],"until":[9],"a":[10,141],"system":[11],"responds":[12],"to":[13,105,120,135],"user":[14],"control.":[15],"SR":[16,38,122],"fluctuates":[17],"over":[18],"time,":[19],"so":[20],"it":[21,90],"must":[22],"be":[23,133],"described":[24],"statistically":[25],"with":[26,75],"mean":[27],"(MSR)":[28],"and":[29,46,51,57,64,78,101,117,154],"standard":[30],"deviation":[31],"(SDSR).":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"we":[36],"examine":[37],"in":[39,140],"virtual":[40],"environments":[41],"(VEs),":[42],"outlining":[43],"its":[44],"components":[45],"methods":[47],"of":[48,55,62,144],"experimental":[49],"measurement":[50],"manipulation.":[52],"Three":[53],"studies":[54,71],"MSR":[56],"SDSR":[58,85,116],"effects":[59],"on":[60,125],"performance":[61,87],"grasp":[63],"placement":[65],"tasks":[66],"are":[67],"then":[68],"presented.":[69],"The":[70],"used":[72,134],"within-subjects":[73],"designs":[74],"11,":[76],"12,":[77],"10":[79],"participants,":[80],"respectively.":[81],"Results":[82],"showed":[83],"that":[84,109],"affected":[86],"only":[88],"if":[89],"was":[91,102],"above":[92],"82":[93],"ms.":[94],"Placement":[95],"required":[96,126],"more":[97,103],"frequent":[98],"visual":[99,127],"feedback":[100,128],"sensitive":[104],"SR.":[106],"We":[107],"infer":[108],"VE":[110],"designers":[111],"need":[112],"not":[113],"tightly":[114],"control":[115,123],"may":[118,132],"wish":[119],"vary":[121],"based":[124],"frequency.":[129],"These":[130],"results":[131],"improve":[136],"human-computer":[138],"interface":[139],"wide":[142],"range":[143],"interactive":[145],"graphical":[146],"applications,":[147],"including":[148],"scientific":[149],"visualization,":[150],"training,":[151],"mental":[152],"health,":[153],"entertainment.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}