{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2099181416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940822","title":"The Spacing Effect in Aircraft Recognition","display_name":"The Spacing Effect in Aircraft Recognition","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2099181416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940822","mag":"2099181416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872096778940822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057054013","display_name":"Barry P. Goettl","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barry P. Goettl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057054013"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51620948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"34","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9695000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.7810840010643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6538969874382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6245889663696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.47613170742988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42478013038635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.41424891352653503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3276987671852112}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.7810840010643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6538969874382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6245889663696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47613170742988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42478013038635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41424891352653503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3276987671852112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872096778940822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119549307","https://openalex.org/W185355513","https://openalex.org/W577732691","https://openalex.org/W1442714200","https://openalex.org/W1990738967","https://openalex.org/W1996929048","https://openalex.org/W1998448147","https://openalex.org/W1998598287","https://openalex.org/W2018682231","https://openalex.org/W2026984934","https://openalex.org/W2030466829","https://openalex.org/W2040591353","https://openalex.org/W2045531300","https://openalex.org/W2056115137","https://openalex.org/W2062450928","https://openalex.org/W2066310641","https://openalex.org/W2068471106","https://openalex.org/W2069375383","https://openalex.org/W2070134439","https://openalex.org/W2083949458","https://openalex.org/W2091570423","https://openalex.org/W2093542629","https://openalex.org/W2102060631","https://openalex.org/W2117268255","https://openalex.org/W2134907585","https://openalex.org/W2146518935","https://openalex.org/W2220295683","https://openalex.org/W2496933225","https://openalex.org/W3167431522","https://openalex.org/W4292552611","https://openalex.org/W4376595422","https://openalex.org/W6796280764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2195904091","https://openalex.org/W2355022049","https://openalex.org/W2060429446","https://openalex.org/W2741782512","https://openalex.org/W3011302839","https://openalex.org/W2392958391","https://openalex.org/W3155227409","https://openalex.org/W2386709048","https://openalex.org/W1521055772","https://openalex.org/W2898682874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"theories":[1],"of":[2,11,29,33,88,132],"the":[3,9,59,65,72,76,85,105,116,122,130],"spacing":[4],"effect":[5],"are":[6],"compared":[7],"in":[8,31,138],"context":[10],"aircraft":[12,30,139,146],"recognition:":[13],"working":[14,77],"memory":[15,78],"reconstruction":[16,79],"and":[17,23,43,136,149],"encoding":[18,60,123],"variability.":[19],"Participants":[20],"(130":[21],"men":[22],"110":[24],"women)":[25],"viewed":[26],"enhanced":[27],"silhouettes":[28],"one":[32],"four":[34],"presentation":[35],"schedules:":[36],"massed":[37,39],"once,":[38],"repeated,":[40],"distributed":[41,44,48],"fixed,":[42],"random.":[45],"The":[46,126],"two":[47],"schedules":[49],"were":[50,119],"designed":[51],"to":[52,71,109],"differ":[53],"only":[54],"on":[55,91],"structural":[56],"components.":[57],"Thus":[58,115],"variability":[61,124],"theory":[62,80],"predicts":[63,81],"that":[64,96,110],"distributed-random":[66,106],"schedule":[67,107],"will":[68],"be":[69],"superior":[70,108],"distributed-fixed":[73],"schedule,":[74],"whereas":[75],"no":[82],"difference":[83,128],"between":[84],"two.":[86],"Measures":[87],"recognition":[89,103,147],"discriminability":[90],"novel":[92],"view":[93],"stimuli":[94],"indicated":[95],"men,":[97],"but":[98],"not":[99],"women,":[100],"showed":[101],"a":[102],"with":[104,111,121],"all":[112],"other":[113],"schedules.":[114],"men's":[117],"data":[118],"consistent":[120],"hypothesis.":[125],"gender":[127],"suggests":[129],"importance":[131],"processing":[133],"style,":[134],"familiarity,":[135],"motivation":[137],"recognition.":[140],"These":[141],"results":[142],"have":[143],"implications":[144],"for":[145],"training":[148],"instructional":[150],"design.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}