{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2030298499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940750","title":"Mixing and Matching Lower-Level Codes for Object Displays: Evidence for Two Sources of Proximity Compatibility","display_name":"Mixing and Matching Lower-Level Codes for Object Displays: Evidence for Two Sources of Proximity Compatibility","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2030298499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940750","mag":"2030298499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872096778940750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110196133","display_name":"C. Melody Carswell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Melody Carswell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky","University of kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045650405","display_name":"Christopher D. Wickens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-4446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Wickens","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110196133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92730807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6449128985404968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compatibility","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","score":0.6316379904747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.6237574219703674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unitary-state","display_name":"Unitary state","score":0.5248844027519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5067654252052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4357061982154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4335237741470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.41330140829086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29635030031204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25855666399002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.17961373925209045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09162133932113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06844669580459595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6449128985404968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778648169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6316379904747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.6237574219703674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67820243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179164","display_name":"Unitary state","level":2,"score":0.5248844027519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5067654252052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4357061982154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4335237741470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.41330140829086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29635030031204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25855666399002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.17961373925209045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09162133932113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06844669580459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872096778940750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872096778940750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38251227","https://openalex.org/W202103403","https://openalex.org/W339211956","https://openalex.org/W1491810677","https://openalex.org/W1550248779","https://openalex.org/W1562193183","https://openalex.org/W1617304364","https://openalex.org/W1659460102","https://openalex.org/W1661994657","https://openalex.org/W1774839024","https://openalex.org/W1836515754","https://openalex.org/W1951490636","https://openalex.org/W1964182251","https://openalex.org/W1971781829","https://openalex.org/W1990041608","https://openalex.org/W1997370123","https://openalex.org/W2001825181","https://openalex.org/W2017756939","https://openalex.org/W2038517806","https://openalex.org/W2050859316","https://openalex.org/W2053229400","https://openalex.org/W2060042055","https://openalex.org/W2071599849","https://openalex.org/W2079203305","https://openalex.org/W2102349167","https://openalex.org/W2102940948","https://openalex.org/W2116126466","https://openalex.org/W2151621558","https://openalex.org/W2158146167","https://openalex.org/W2158307450","https://openalex.org/W2162312462","https://openalex.org/W2166230551","https://openalex.org/W2801830100","https://openalex.org/W2997311865","https://openalex.org/W4213119130","https://openalex.org/W4242143558","https://openalex.org/W4246675349","https://openalex.org/W4253614255","https://openalex.org/W4256003687","https://openalex.org/W6771881043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390255551","https://openalex.org/W2367511445","https://openalex.org/W2381930792","https://openalex.org/W1970313336","https://openalex.org/W2358901819","https://openalex.org/W745733672","https://openalex.org/W2983545107","https://openalex.org/W2009525028","https://openalex.org/W2389102290","https://openalex.org/W2088705811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proximity":[1],"compatibility":[2],"principle":[3],"(PCP)":[4],"proposes":[5],"that":[6,109],"visually":[7],"unitary":[8],"configurations":[9,54],"of":[10,40,55,71,76,78,133],"data":[11,107],"values,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"object":[15,51,93,114],"displays,":[16],"will":[17,23],"support":[18],"information":[19],"integration":[20,62],"better":[21],"than":[22],"more":[24,87,100],"separable":[25,53],"formats.":[26],"In":[27],"the":[28,130,134],"present":[29],"study":[30],"formats":[31],"were":[32,86,99],"created":[33],"by":[34],"either":[35,68],"mixing":[36],"or":[37,73,123],"matching":[38],"pairs":[39],"lower-level":[41],"codes":[42,57,85,98,136],"(i.e.,":[43],"linear":[44],"extent,":[45],"angle,":[46],"and":[47,52,126],"color).":[48],"Performance":[49],"with":[50,83],"these":[56],"was":[58],"compared":[59],"for":[60,117],"two":[61,110],"tasks:":[63],"system":[64],"state":[65],"classifications":[66],"requiring":[67],"(1)":[69],"comparisons":[70],"values":[72],"(2)":[74],"identification":[75],"conjunctions":[77],"values.":[79],"Object":[80],"displays":[81,94],"formed":[82,95],"matched":[84],"likely":[88,101],"to":[89,102],"facilitate":[90,103],"comparisons,":[91],"whereas":[92],"from":[96],"mixed":[97],"conjunction":[104],"identification.":[105],"These":[106],"suggest":[108],"mechanisms":[111],"may":[112],"underlie":[113],"display":[115],"advantages":[116],"integration-one":[118],"based":[119,128],"on":[120,129],"relational":[121],"properties":[122],"emergent":[124],"features":[125],"one":[127],"efficient":[131],"processing":[132],"lowerlevel":[135],"themselves":[137],".":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}