{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132384892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008x288501","title":"Macroergonomics: Work System Analysis and Design","display_name":"Macroergonomics: Work System Analysis and Design","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132384892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008x288501","mag":"2132384892","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18689054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872008x288501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008x288501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102841791","display_name":"Brian M. Kleiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1526-073X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian M. Kleiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia,","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24601-0118, USA. bkleiner@vt.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24601-0118, USA. bkleiner@vt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102841791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92220313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"3","first_page":"461","last_page":"467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13722","display_name":"Ergonomics and Human Factors","score":0.8700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13722","display_name":"Ergonomics and Human Factors","score":0.8700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.021800000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5452353358268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-factors-and-ergonomics","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","score":0.54188472032547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-systems","display_name":"Work systems","score":0.5386218428611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.48803845047950745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4865838289260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4646892547607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.447710245847702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.4293637275695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3966135084629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3870023488998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3731148838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3693593144416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.17202997207641602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.1280912160873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11619752645492554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5452353358268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.54188472032547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135302770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629132","display_name":"Work systems","level":3,"score":0.5386218428611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48803845047950745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4865838289260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4646892547607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.447710245847702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4293637275695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3966135084629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3870023488998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3731148838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3693593144416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.17202997207641602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1280912160873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11619752645492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013597","descriptor_name":"Systems Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013597","descriptor_name":"Systems Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013597","descriptor_name":"Systems Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017132","descriptor_name":"Workplace","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017132","descriptor_name":"Workplace","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017132","descriptor_name":"Workplace","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017146","descriptor_name":"Models, Organizational","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017146","descriptor_name":"Models, Organizational","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017146","descriptor_name":"Models, Organizational","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872008x288501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008x288501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18689054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18689054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W211386042","https://openalex.org/W405838026","https://openalex.org/W609952856","https://openalex.org/W621374024","https://openalex.org/W636210529","https://openalex.org/W655875545","https://openalex.org/W1537802948","https://openalex.org/W1972439537","https://openalex.org/W1980010795","https://openalex.org/W1988910375","https://openalex.org/W1991128667","https://openalex.org/W1996634205","https://openalex.org/W2007520518","https://openalex.org/W2026724165","https://openalex.org/W2085914082","https://openalex.org/W2149504281","https://openalex.org/W2164406478","https://openalex.org/W2167492954","https://openalex.org/W2483153549","https://openalex.org/W2496811929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W641279757","https://openalex.org/W370975646","https://openalex.org/W1670566515","https://openalex.org/W4242022592","https://openalex.org/W596972243","https://openalex.org/W2149537132","https://openalex.org/W4313230280","https://openalex.org/W69751022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Our":[1],"goal":[2],"was":[3,9,49],"to":[4,11,110,159],"briefly":[5],"describe":[6],"how":[7],"macroergonomics":[8,55,158,169],"developed":[10],"fill":[12],"a":[13,36,125],"void":[14],"in":[15,29,32,91,96,103],"human":[16,40,136],"factors":[17,87,137,147],"and":[18,45,74,83,94,106,114,131,138,143,151,175],"ergonomics.":[19],"BACKGROUND:":[20],"A":[21],"study":[22],"commissioned":[23],"by":[24],"the":[25,33,92,97,155,171],"Human":[26,146],"Factors":[27],"Society":[28],"1978":[30],"resulted":[31],"formalization":[34],"of":[35,39,54,157,168,173],"new":[37],"subdiscipline":[38],"factors,":[41],"called":[42],"organizational":[43],"design":[44],"management,":[46],"which":[47],"eventually":[48],"coined":[50],"macroergonomics.":[51],"METHOD:":[52],"Differentiators":[53],"are":[56],"presented":[57],"along":[58],"with":[59],"methods":[60,130,174],"adapted":[61],"from":[62],"other":[63],"domains":[64],"as":[65,67,119,127,129],"well":[66,128],"unique":[68],"methods.":[69],"RESULTS:":[70],"Based":[71],"on":[72],"laboratory":[73,93],"field":[75,98],"studies":[76,102],"conducted":[77],"at":[78],"multiple":[79],"universities,":[80],"government":[81,107],"facilities,":[82],"industries,":[84],"work":[85],"system":[86],"can":[88,153,164],"be":[89],"manipulated":[90],"studied":[95],"successfully.":[99],"Also,":[100],"case":[101],"academia,":[104],"industry,":[105],"demonstrate":[108],"60%":[109],"90%":[111],"performance":[112],"impact":[113],"positive":[115],"qualitative":[116],"changes":[117],"such":[118],"culture":[120],"change.":[121],"CONCLUSION:":[122],"Macroergonomics":[123],"offers":[124],"perspective":[126,156],"tools":[132],"for":[133],"more":[134],"successful":[135],"ergonomics":[139],"design,":[140],"development,":[141],"intervention,":[142],"implementation.":[144],"APPLICATION:":[145],"engineers":[148],"or":[149,163],"psychologists":[150],"ergonomists":[152],"use":[154,172],"achieve":[160],"better":[161],"results":[162],"expand":[165],"their":[166],"involvement":[167],"through":[170],"tools.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}