{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018140895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872006777724372","title":"Reading in the Dark: Effects of Age and Contrast on Reading Speed and Comprehension","display_name":"Reading in the Dark: Effects of Age and Contrast on Reading Speed and Comprehension","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018140895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872006777724372","mag":"2018140895","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872006777724372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872006777724372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002561810","display_name":"Tracy L. Mitzner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5585-7306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tracy L. Mitzner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, J.S. Coon Building, 654 Cherry St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, J.S. Coon Building, 654 Cherry St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101503529","display_name":"Wendy A. Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-2130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendy A. Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002561810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0139,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76739025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"2","first_page":"229","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.7540876865386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.6476683020591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5409804582595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.5047200918197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.49756696820259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4754043519496918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-factors-and-ergonomics","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","score":0.46627146005630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4136885404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.401725172996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.35033783316612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2739695608615875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.20528653264045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19135421514511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.17413005232810974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.7540876865386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6476683020591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5409804582595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.5047200918197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.49756696820259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4754043519496918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.46627146005630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4136885404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.401725172996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.35033783316612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2739695608615875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.20528653264045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19135421514511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.17413005232810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005845","descriptor_name":"Georgia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005845","descriptor_name":"Georgia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005845","descriptor_name":"Georgia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872006777724372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872006777724372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16884045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309321","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502363574","https://openalex.org/W1538443064","https://openalex.org/W1580342767","https://openalex.org/W1650931239","https://openalex.org/W1914703486","https://openalex.org/W1966965590","https://openalex.org/W1982078854","https://openalex.org/W1982181358","https://openalex.org/W1982537805","https://openalex.org/W1995723070","https://openalex.org/W2007310536","https://openalex.org/W2023584795","https://openalex.org/W2026880470","https://openalex.org/W2030692837","https://openalex.org/W2030772820","https://openalex.org/W2068676046","https://openalex.org/W2069093490","https://openalex.org/W2072142244","https://openalex.org/W2074987594","https://openalex.org/W2077710724","https://openalex.org/W2089656281","https://openalex.org/W2113892562","https://openalex.org/W2114242619","https://openalex.org/W2124789365","https://openalex.org/W2128739178","https://openalex.org/W2151867154","https://openalex.org/W2165056859","https://openalex.org/W2317791459","https://openalex.org/W2485854860","https://openalex.org/W4212763913","https://openalex.org/W4234894730","https://openalex.org/W4243421846","https://openalex.org/W4254239958","https://openalex.org/W4256297751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069592018","https://openalex.org/W2082296339","https://openalex.org/W2161828220","https://openalex.org/W1972348076","https://openalex.org/W2083863157","https://openalex.org/W2915784763","https://openalex.org/W2260842574","https://openalex.org/W2257529021","https://openalex.org/W2042541897","https://openalex.org/W2244508426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"current":[1],"findings":[2],"demonstrate":[3],"the":[4],"benefit":[5],"of":[6],"adequate":[7],"contrast":[8],"and":[9,21],"word":[10],"predictability":[11],"for":[12],"optimal":[13],"text":[14],"design":[15],"to":[16],"facilitate":[17],"both":[18],"reading":[19,22],"times":[20],"comprehension.":[23]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
