{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138453865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872005775570943","title":"Characteristics of Fluent Skills in a Complex, Dynamic Problem-Solving Task","display_name":"Characteristics of Fluent Skills in a Complex, Dynamic Problem-Solving Task","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138453865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872005775570943","mag":"2138453865","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16553063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872005775570943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872005775570943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024612147","display_name":"Myeong-Ho Sohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-0822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Myeong-Ho Sohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Washington University, Washington, D.C","Department of Psychology, George Washington University, 2125 G St. NW, 313A Building GG, Washington, DC 20054, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington University, Washington, D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, George Washington University, 2125 G St. NW, 313A Building GG, Washington, DC 20054, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111847909","display_name":"Scott Douglass","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott A. Douglass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076454817","display_name":"Monchu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-8442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mon-Chu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108509252","display_name":"John R. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-8885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John R. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024612147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7402,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91347043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"4","first_page":"742","last_page":"752"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7214488983154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluency","display_name":"Fluency","score":0.6669061779975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6066218018531799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5611810088157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5226131081581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5160186290740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-skill","display_name":"Cognitive skill","score":0.4823595881462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.4541432857513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-skill","display_name":"Motor skill","score":0.4522921144962311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42209771275520325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.42186230421066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-learning","display_name":"Motor learning","score":0.4212362766265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2994864284992218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15960639715194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.1153632402420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.11459344625473022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7214488983154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.6669061779975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6066218018531799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5611810088157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5226131081581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5160186290740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134290984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141241","display_name":"Cognitive skill","level":3,"score":0.4823595881462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.4541432857513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169976356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13208902","display_name":"Motor skill","level":2,"score":0.4522921144962311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42209771275520325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.42186230421066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107690735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852461","display_name":"Motor learning","level":2,"score":0.4212362766265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2994864284992218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15960639715194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.1153632402420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.11459344625473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009048","descriptor_name":"Motor Skills","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009048","descriptor_name":"Motor Skills","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009048","descriptor_name":"Motor Skills","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872005775570943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872005775570943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16553063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16553063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.cmu.edu:psychology-1512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.cmu.edu/psychology/507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400668","display_name":"Research Showcase @ Carnegie Mellon University (Carnegie Mellon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Psychology","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.1184/r1/6613895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309321","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81016574","https://openalex.org/W151680589","https://openalex.org/W1492518088","https://openalex.org/W1499748908","https://openalex.org/W1502491548","https://openalex.org/W1535782774","https://openalex.org/W1597929046","https://openalex.org/W1703043657","https://openalex.org/W1945509268","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W1998688911","https://openalex.org/W2013068849","https://openalex.org/W2039113359","https://openalex.org/W2052385711","https://openalex.org/W2120659705","https://openalex.org/W2163270602","https://openalex.org/W2315761891","https://openalex.org/W2503952333","https://openalex.org/W2509565753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308126387","https://openalex.org/W1970523025","https://openalex.org/W2801972429","https://openalex.org/W2013588380","https://openalex.org/W2071080072","https://openalex.org/W3185285019","https://openalex.org/W2368697114","https://openalex.org/W1967161469","https://openalex.org/W2347647442","https://openalex.org/W2073908631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"examined":[1],"critical":[2],"characteristics":[3],"of":[4,23,102,137,145,180,187,194],"fluent":[5],"cognitive":[6,79,133],"skills,":[7],"using":[8],"the":[9,32,87,96,103,109,135,138,142,146],"Georgia":[10],"Tech":[11],"Aegis":[12],"Simulation":[13],"Program,":[14],"a":[15,38,59,76,153,158],"tactical":[16],"decision-making":[17],"computer":[18],"game":[19],"that":[20,46,56,95,152],"simulates":[21],"tasks":[22,45,189],"an":[24],"anti-air-warfare":[25],"coordinator.":[26],"To":[27],"characterize":[28],"learning,":[29],"we":[30],"adopted":[31],"unit-task":[33],"analysis":[34],"framework,":[35],"in":[36,78,81,119,129],"which":[37,82,169],"task":[39,159],"is":[40],"decomposed":[41,49,64],"into":[42,50,65,160],"several":[43],"unit":[44],"are":[47],"further":[48],"functional-level":[51],"subtasks.":[52],"Our":[53],"results":[54,150],"showed":[55],"learning":[57,66,72,184],"at":[58],"global":[60],"level":[61],"could":[62],"be":[63],"smaller":[67],"component":[68,147,162],"tasks.":[69,198],"Further,":[70],"most":[71],"was":[73,124],"associated":[74],"with":[75,168],"reduction":[77],"processes,":[80,134],"people":[83],"make":[84],"inferences":[85],"from":[86],"currently":[88],"available":[89],"information.":[90],"Eye-movement":[91],"data":[92],"also":[93],"revealed":[94],"time":[97,110],"spent":[98,111],"on":[99,112,141,196],"task-irrelevant":[100],"regions":[101],"display":[104],"decreased":[105],"more":[106],"than":[107],"did":[108],"task-relevant":[113],"regions.":[114],"In":[115],"sum,":[116],"although":[117],"fluency":[118,144],"dynamic,":[120],"complex":[121,188],"problem":[122],"solving":[123],"achieved":[125],"by":[126],"attaining":[127],"efficiency":[128],"perceptual,":[130],"motor,":[131],"and":[132,164,185],"magnitude":[136],"gains":[139],"depended":[140],"preexisting":[143],"skills.":[148],"These":[149],"imply":[151],"training":[154,186],"program":[155],"should":[156],"decompose":[157],"its":[161],"skills":[163],"emphasize":[165],"those":[166,197],"components":[167],"trainees":[170],"have":[171],"relatively":[172],"little":[173],"prior":[174],"experience.":[175],"Actual":[176],"or":[177],"potential":[178],"applications":[179],"this":[181],"research":[182],"include":[183],"as":[190,192],"well":[191],"evaluation":[193],"performance":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}