{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2131180276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872001775898287","title":"Monitoring Task Loading with Multivariate EEG Measures during Complex Forms of Human-Computer Interaction","display_name":"Monitoring Task Loading with Multivariate EEG Measures during Complex Forms of Human-Computer Interaction","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2131180276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872001775898287","mag":"2131180276","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11866193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872001775898287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872001775898287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016898633","display_name":"Michael E. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2174-9825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140575","display_name":"San Francicso Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03vj41343","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael E. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078707627","display_name":"Alan Gevins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140575","display_name":"San Francicso Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03vj41343","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Gevins","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067884420","display_name":"Halle D. Brown","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140575","display_name":"San Francicso Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03vj41343","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halle Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049855837","display_name":"Arati Karnik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140575","display_name":"San Francicso Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03vj41343","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arati Karnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082810520","display_name":"Robert Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140575","display_name":"San Francicso Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03vj41343","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco Brain Research Institute and SAM Technology, San Francisco, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016898633"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":214,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90507497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"3","first_page":"366","last_page":"380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9143999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.8493453860282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7296298742294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.5113067626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4906703233718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46439746022224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-analysis","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","score":0.456777960062027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.43722856044769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.41192173957824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2809852063655853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10259628295898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.0948229730129242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.8493453860282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7296298742294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.5113067626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4906703233718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46439746022224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.456777960062027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.43722856044769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41192173957824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2809852063655853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10259628295898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0948229730129242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1518/001872001775898287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1518/001872001775898287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11866193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11866193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50926603","https://openalex.org/W60885587","https://openalex.org/W200841156","https://openalex.org/W208980724","https://openalex.org/W365690002","https://openalex.org/W1506692274","https://openalex.org/W1558059793","https://openalex.org/W1623080549","https://openalex.org/W1729578042","https://openalex.org/W1879300773","https://openalex.org/W1928294160","https://openalex.org/W1965412400","https://openalex.org/W1967003648","https://openalex.org/W1978135580","https://openalex.org/W1984747701","https://openalex.org/W1985785465","https://openalex.org/W1987499527","https://openalex.org/W1987680233","https://openalex.org/W1990401135","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W1996728935","https://openalex.org/W1998977696","https://openalex.org/W2002568039","https://openalex.org/W2003392038","https://openalex.org/W2014126452","https://openalex.org/W2025136857","https://openalex.org/W2028529728","https://openalex.org/W2034389617","https://openalex.org/W2041977387","https://openalex.org/W2046391510","https://openalex.org/W2052540595","https://openalex.org/W2057333762","https://openalex.org/W2058132619","https://openalex.org/W2063399867","https://openalex.org/W2065720629","https://openalex.org/W2087993726","https://openalex.org/W2090014869","https://openalex.org/W2096905586","https://openalex.org/W2118849533","https://openalex.org/W2123179704","https://openalex.org/W2123922053","https://openalex.org/W2128945905","https://openalex.org/W2140276435","https://openalex.org/W2146713200","https://openalex.org/W2148209654","https://openalex.org/W2149146484","https://openalex.org/W2156761163","https://openalex.org/W2157080893","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2289732421","https://openalex.org/W2315761891","https://openalex.org/W2960598118","https://openalex.org/W2976218033","https://openalex.org/W3027488588","https://openalex.org/W4213373848","https://openalex.org/W4236814579","https://openalex.org/W4300535372","https://openalex.org/W4320300857","https://openalex.org/W4400445037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2406638334","https://openalex.org/W40745829","https://openalex.org/W4318262572","https://openalex.org/W1978357124","https://openalex.org/W1578824628","https://openalex.org/W2032728545","https://openalex.org/W1570805059","https://openalex.org/W4250754046","https://openalex.org/W4243682621","https://openalex.org/W2036849593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electroencephalographic":[0],"(EEG)":[1],"recordings":[2],"were":[3,72],"made":[4],"while":[5],"16":[6],"participants":[7],"performed":[8],"versions":[9],"of":[10,16,56,78,106,112],"a":[11,47,54],"personal-computer-based":[12],"flight":[13],"simulation":[14],"task":[15,23,79,84,92,100,118],"low,":[17],"moderate,":[18],"or":[19,103],"high":[20],"difficulty.":[21],"As":[22],"difficulty":[24,93],"increased,":[25],"frontal":[26],"midline":[27],"theta":[28],"EEG":[29,43],"activity":[30,35],"increased":[31,88],"and":[32,60,94],"alpha":[33],"band":[34],"decreased.":[36],"A":[37],"participant-specific":[38],"function":[39],"that":[40,68],"combined":[41],"multiple":[42],"features":[44],"to":[45,63,116],"create":[46],"single":[48],"load":[49,85],"index":[50,86],"was":[51],"derived":[52],"from":[53,67],"sample":[55],"each":[57],"participant's":[58],"data":[59,66],"then":[61],"applied":[62],"new":[64],"test":[65],"participant.":[69],"Index":[70],"values":[71,87],"computed":[73],"for":[74],"every":[75],"4":[76],"s":[77],"data.":[80],"Across":[81],"participants,":[82],"mean":[83],"systematically":[89],"with":[90],"increasing":[91],"differed":[95],"significantly":[96],"between":[97],"the":[98,110],"different":[99],"versions.":[101],"Actual":[102],"potential":[104],"applications":[105],"this":[107],"research":[108],"include":[109],"use":[111],"multivariate":[113],"EEG-based":[114],"methods":[115],"monitor":[117],"loading":[119],"during":[120],"naturalistic":[121],"computer-based":[122],"work.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T06:04:40.494371","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}