{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6942881441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15167/demetrio-luca_phd2021-01-20","title":"Formalizing evasion attacks against machine learning security detectors","display_name":"Formalizing evasion attacks against machine learning security detectors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6942881441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15167/demetrio-luca_phd2021-01-20"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1035018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1035018","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1035018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1035018","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"DEMETRIO, LUCA","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-1476"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"DEMETRIO, LUCA","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-1476","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8203999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8203999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.04919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.041999999433755875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7477999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.7336000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.7307000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandbox","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","score":0.6689000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql-injection","display_name":"SQL injection","score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.51419997215271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8314999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7477999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.7336000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.7307000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2667186","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","level":2,"score":0.6689000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6455000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150451098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506059","display_name":"SQL injection","level":5,"score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722192","display_name":"System call","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4924752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148","display_name":"Plug-in","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1035018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1035018","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1035018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"doi:10.15167/demetrio-luca_phd2021-01-20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15167/demetrio-luca_phd2021-01-20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050993","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1035018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1035018","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1035018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4038759171962738,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6942881441.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6942881441.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1],"has":[2],"shown":[3],"that":[4,47,100,120,176,215,268,286,287],"adversarial":[5,45],"examples":[6],"can":[7,102,270],"bypass":[8],"machine":[9,56,113,343],"learning-based":[10,344],"threat":[11],"detectors":[12,174,307],"relying":[13],"on":[14,224,353],"static":[15],"analysis":[16],"by":[17,94,140,207,312,337],"applying":[18],"minimal":[19],"perturbations.":[20],"To":[21,149,194,321],"preserve":[22,121],"malicious":[23,241],"functionality,":[24],"previous":[25,110],"attacks":[26,70,104,111,130,170,214],"either":[27,235],"apply":[28],"trivial":[29],"manipulations":[30,317],"(e.g.":[31],"padding),":[32],"potentially":[33],"limiting":[34],"their":[35],"effectiveness,":[36],"or":[37,243],"require":[38],"running":[39],"computationally-demanding":[40],"validation":[41],"steps":[42],"to":[43,78,189,260],"discard":[44],"variants":[46],"do":[48],"not":[49],"correctly":[50],"execute":[51],"in":[52,66,162,249],"sandbox":[53],"environments.":[54],"While":[55],"learning":[57,114,364],"systems":[58],"for":[59,105,131,145],"detecting":[60],"SQL":[61,136],"injections":[62],"have":[63,71,319],"been":[64,72],"proposed":[65,76],"the":[67,75,80,122,142,151,180,183,187,198,203,225,237,240,292,298,314,339,363],"literature,":[68],"no":[69],"tested":[73],"against":[74,112,171],"solutions":[77],"assess":[79],"effectiveness":[81],"and":[82,116,135,165,219,265,324,331],"robustness":[83],"of":[84,124,153,159,182,186,212,227,239,291,305,341],"these":[85,92,147],"methods.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88],"thesis,":[89],"we":[90,155,201,280,318,327],"overcome":[91,202],"limitations":[93,340],"developing":[95],"RAMEn,":[96,154],"a":[97,209,283],"unifying":[98],"framework":[99,330],"(i)":[101],"express":[103],"different":[106,310],"domains,":[107],"(ii)":[108],"generalizes":[109],"models,":[115],"(iii)":[117],"uses":[118],"functions":[119],"functionality":[123],"manipulated":[125],"objects.":[126,148],"We":[127,254,335],"provide":[128,156],"new":[129],"both":[132,163,217],"Windows":[133,172],"malware":[134,173,345],"injection":[137,226],"detection":[138,191],"scenarios":[139],"exploiting":[141],"format":[143],"used":[144],"representing":[146],"show":[150,175],"efficacy":[152],"experimental":[157],"results":[158],"our":[160,329],"strategies":[161,351],"white-box":[164,169],"black-box":[166,199,213],"settings.":[167],"The":[168],"it":[177,269],"takes":[178],"only":[179,297],"2%":[181],"input":[184,293],"size":[185],"target":[188],"evade":[190,271],"with":[192,309,348],"ease.":[193],"further":[195],"speed":[196],"up":[197],"attacks,":[200],"issues":[204],"mentioned":[205],"before":[206],"presenting":[208],"novel":[210,315],"family":[211],"are":[216],"query-efficient":[218],"functionality-preserving,":[220],"as":[221],"they":[222],"rely":[223],"benign":[228],"content,":[229],"which":[230],"will":[231],"never":[232],"be":[233],"executed,":[234],"at":[236],"end":[238],"file,":[242],"within":[244],"some":[245],"newly-created":[246],"sections,":[247],"encoded":[248],"an":[250],"algorithm":[251],"called":[252],"GAMMA.":[253],"also":[255],"evaluate":[256],"whether":[257],"GAMMA":[258],"transfers":[259],"other":[261],"commercial":[262,273],"antivirus":[263,274],"solutions,":[264],"surprisingly":[266],"find":[267],"many":[272],"engines.":[275],"For":[276],"evading":[277],"SQLi":[278],"detectors,":[279,346],"create":[281],"WAF-A-MoLE,":[282],"mutational":[284],"fuzzer":[285],"exploits":[288],"random":[289],"mutations":[290],"samples,":[294],"keeping":[295],"alive":[296],"most":[299],"promising":[300],"ones.":[301],"WAF-A-MoLE":[302],"is":[303],"capable":[304],"defeating":[306],"built":[308],"architectures":[311],"using":[313],"practical":[316],"proposed.":[320],"facilitate":[322],"reproducibility":[323],"future":[325],"work,":[326],"open-source":[328],"corresponding":[332],"attack":[333],"implementations.":[334],"conclude":[336],"discussing":[338],"current":[342],"along":[347],"potential":[349],"mitigation":[350],"based":[352],"embedding":[354],"domain":[355],"knowledge":[356],"coming":[357],"from":[358],"subject-matter":[359],"experts":[360],"naturally":[361],"into":[362],"process.":[365]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}