{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2476457629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0047","title":"On the (In)effectiveness of Mosaicing and Blurring as Tools for Document Redaction","display_name":"On the (In)effectiveness of Mosaicing and Blurring as Tools for Document Redaction","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2476457629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0047","mag":"2476457629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2016-0047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0047","pdf_url":"https://content.sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/popets/2016/4/article-p403.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://content.sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/popets/2016/4/article-p403.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018743433","display_name":"Steven Hill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800935791","display_name":"UC San Diego Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/01kbfgm16","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101509656","display_name":"Zhimin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4701-7678"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhimin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103354854","display_name":"Lawrence K. Saul","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Saul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006975767","display_name":"Hovav Shacham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0225-8714"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hovav Shacham","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83075983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":"4","first_page":"403","last_page":"417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7149449586868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6311401724815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typeface","display_name":"Typeface","score":0.5386590361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redaction","display_name":"Redaction","score":0.5234205722808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.43743717670440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.41325628757476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3930148184299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3803662061691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3647492825984955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.0776548981666565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7149449586868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6311401724815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80797182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17451","display_name":"Typeface","level":2,"score":0.5386590361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776795254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q561071","display_name":"Redaction","level":2,"score":0.5234205722808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.43743717670440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.41325628757476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3930148184299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3803662061691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3647492825984955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0776548981666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2016-0047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0047","pdf_url":"https://content.sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/popets/2016/4/article-p403.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4361a87928f74ebd933d7d4c19236970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4361a87928f74ebd933d7d4c19236970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2016, Iss 4, Pp 403-417 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2016-0047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0047","pdf_url":"https://content.sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/popets/2016/4/article-p403.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9895830","https://openalex.org/W1439967542","https://openalex.org/W1526388641","https://openalex.org/W1540664832","https://openalex.org/W1973132608","https://openalex.org/W2015569828","https://openalex.org/W2024081619","https://openalex.org/W2040646162","https://openalex.org/W2043909599","https://openalex.org/W2057047227","https://openalex.org/W2082418604","https://openalex.org/W2097617998","https://openalex.org/W2099129595","https://openalex.org/W2103958416","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2127235472","https://openalex.org/W2159428510","https://openalex.org/W2250790822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2326324334","https://openalex.org/W2136763963","https://openalex.org/W2109705048","https://openalex.org/W2940588515","https://openalex.org/W1909151225","https://openalex.org/W3184123547","https://openalex.org/W2160030256","https://openalex.org/W2536059291","https://openalex.org/W4253235840","https://openalex.org/W3151937861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"many":[2],"online":[3],"communities,":[4],"it":[5],"is":[6,31,58],"the":[7,35,93],"norm":[8],"to":[9,78,105,122],"redact":[10],"names":[11],"and":[12,48,82,148,165],"other":[13,28],"sensitive":[14],"text":[15,176],"from":[16,110,127],"posted":[17],"screenshots.":[18],"Sometimes":[19],"solid":[20],"bars":[21],"are":[22,103,171],"used;":[23],"sometimes":[24],"a":[25,63],"blur":[26],"or":[27],"image":[29,40],"transform":[30],"used.":[32],"We":[33,132,152,161],"consider":[34],"effectiveness":[36],"of":[37,53,68,86,95,108,112,125,129,136,150,158],"two":[38],"popular":[39],"transforms":[41],"-":[42,50,71,77],"mosaicing":[43,164],"(also":[44],"known":[45],"as":[46],"pixelization)":[47],"blurring":[49],"for":[51,97,175],"redaction":[52],"text.":[54,88,131,160],"Our":[55,89],"main":[56],"finding":[57],"that":[59,163],"we":[60,115],"can":[61],"use":[62,116],"simple":[64],"but":[65],"powerful":[66],"class":[67],"statistical":[69],"models":[70,75],"so-called":[72],"hidden":[73],"Markov":[74],"(HMMs)":[76],"recover":[79,106,123],"both":[80],"short":[81],"indefinitely":[83],"long":[84],"instances":[85],"redacted":[87,130,159],"approach":[90],"borrows":[91],"on":[92],"success":[94],"HMMs":[96,117],"automatic":[98],"speech":[99],"recognition,":[100],"where":[101],"they":[102],"used":[104],"sequences":[107,124],"phonemes":[109],"utterances":[111],"speech.":[113],"Here":[114],"in":[118],"an":[119,134],"analogous":[120],"way":[121],"characters":[126],"images":[128],"evaluate":[133],"implementation":[135],"our":[137],"system":[138],"against":[139],"multiple":[140],"typefaces,":[141],"font":[142],"sizes,":[143,145],"grid":[144],"pixel":[146],"offsets,":[147],"levels":[149],"noise.":[151],"also":[153],"decode":[154],"numerous":[155],"real-world":[156],"examples":[157],"conclude":[162],"blurring,":[166],"despite":[167],"their":[168],"widespread":[169],"usage,":[170],"not":[172],"viable":[173],"approaches":[174],"redaction.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
