{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2209711601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0009","title":"Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting","display_name":"Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2209711601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0009","mag":"2209711601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0009","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060776163","display_name":"David A. Fifield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5433-4733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Fifield","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112577748","display_name":"Chang Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003069068","display_name":"Rod Hynes","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rod Hynes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psiphon Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psiphon Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081283848","display_name":"Percy Wegmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Percy Wegmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brave New Software"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brave New Software","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002219113","display_name":"Vern Paxson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2673-543X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297971548","display_name":"International Computer Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ewh7m12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vern Paxson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley and the International Computer Science Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley and the International Computer Science Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.6907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98887697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2015","issue":"2","first_page":"46","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6706017255783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6071241497993469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name-system","display_name":"Domain Name System","score":0.5548089742660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blocking","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","score":0.4786573648452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4512082040309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4389207065105438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name","display_name":"Domain name","score":0.4359336495399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4227641224861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2811850309371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.24634864926338196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6706017255783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6071241497993469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35026560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8767","display_name":"Domain Name System","level":3,"score":0.5548089742660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144745244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4786573648452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4512082040309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4389207065105438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988987868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32635","display_name":"Domain name","level":3,"score":0.4359336495399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4227641224861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2811850309371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.24634864926338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9bc80adb9524493fbab3fdfd30ed5657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9bc80adb9524493fbab3fdfd30ed5657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2015, Iss 2, Pp 46-64 (2015)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120790494","https://openalex.org/W139582188","https://openalex.org/W1608222975","https://openalex.org/W1815005891","https://openalex.org/W1976986662","https://openalex.org/W1981790149","https://openalex.org/W1984097153","https://openalex.org/W1985776777","https://openalex.org/W2023276871","https://openalex.org/W2031211716","https://openalex.org/W2042477294","https://openalex.org/W2080100559","https://openalex.org/W2094522125","https://openalex.org/W2111695118","https://openalex.org/W2123243822","https://openalex.org/W2124423070","https://openalex.org/W2139674816","https://openalex.org/W2149541935","https://openalex.org/W2182399320","https://openalex.org/W2242737648","https://openalex.org/W2296570230","https://openalex.org/W2397223326","https://openalex.org/W2404168686","https://openalex.org/W2406406968","https://openalex.org/W2952230729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569990158","https://openalex.org/W2139932425","https://openalex.org/W2517582040","https://openalex.org/W2377805484","https://openalex.org/W2012920909","https://openalex.org/W2599222874","https://openalex.org/W2354223489","https://openalex.org/W2371599845","https://openalex.org/W1667466877","https://openalex.org/W2381436100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,141,174],"describe":[2,175],"\u201cdomain":[3],"fronting,\u201d":[4],"a":[5,16,30,105,143,171],"versatile":[6],"censorship":[7,162],"circumvention":[8,111,172,187],"technique":[9],"that":[10,154],"hides":[11],"the":[12,22,43,49,64,70,82,84,90,115,182],"remote":[13],"endpoint":[14],"of":[15,51,58,66,145,178,195],"communication.":[17,59],"Domain":[18,124,164],"fronting":[19,125],"works":[20],"at":[21,55],"application":[23],"layer,":[24],"using":[25],"HTTPS,":[26],"to":[27,35,89,98,104,128],"communicate":[28,36],"with":[29,37],"forbidden":[31],"host":[32],"while":[33],"appearing":[34],"some":[38],"other":[39],"host,":[40],"permitted":[41],"by":[42,138],"censor.":[44],"The":[45],"key":[46],"idea":[47],"is":[48,126,169],"use":[50,131],"different":[52,56],"domain":[53,61,79,116],"names":[54],"layers":[57],"One":[60],"appears":[62,80],"on":[63,81],"\u201coutside\u201d":[65],"an":[67],"HTTPS":[68,93],"request\u2014in":[69],"DNS":[71],"request":[72],"and":[73,101,113,130,132,158,185,198],"TLS":[74],"Server":[75],"Name":[76],"Indication\u2014while":[77],"another":[78],"\u201cinside\u201d\u2014in":[83],"HTTP":[85],"Host":[86],"header,":[87],"invisible":[88],"censor":[91],"under":[92],"encryption.":[94],"A":[95],"censor,":[96],"unable":[97],"distinguish":[99],"fronted":[100],"nonfronted":[102],"traffic":[103,112],"domain,":[106],"must":[107],"choose":[108],"between":[109],"allowing":[110],"blocking":[114],"entirely,":[117],"which":[118],"results":[119],"in":[120,166,181],"expensive":[121],"collateral":[122],"damage.":[123],"easy":[127],"deploy":[129],"does":[133],"not":[134],"require":[135],"special":[136],"cooperation":[137],"network":[139],"intermediaries.":[140],"identify":[142],"number":[144],"hard-to-block":[146],"web":[147],"services,":[148],"such":[149],"as":[150],"content":[151],"delivery":[152],"networks,":[153],"support":[155],"domain-fronted":[156],"connections":[157],"are":[159],"useful":[160],"for":[161],"circumvention.":[163],"fronting,":[165],"various":[167],"forms,":[168],"now":[170,192],"workhorse.":[173],"several":[176],"months":[177],"deployment":[179],"experience":[180],"Tor,":[183],"Lantern,":[184],"Psiphon":[186],"systems,":[188],"whose":[189],"domain-fronting":[190],"transports":[191],"connect":[193],"thousands":[194],"users":[196],"daily":[197],"transfer":[199],"many":[200],"terabytes":[201],"per":[202],"month.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
