{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2346832320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0024","title":"CovertCast: Using Live Streaming to Evade Internet Censorship","display_name":"CovertCast: Using Live Streaming to Evade Internet Censorship","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2346832320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0024","mag":"2346832320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2016-0024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0024","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0024.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062522462","display_name":"Richard McPherson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261073","display_name":"Cornell Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/04qscbg47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4405261073"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard McPherson","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin","Cornell Tech","The University of Texas at Austin,","University of Massachusetts Amherst,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4405261073"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018588864","display_name":"Amir Houmansadr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-6657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261073","display_name":"Cornell Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/04qscbg47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4405261073"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Houmansadr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst","Cornell Tech","The University of Texas at Austin,","University of Massachusetts Amherst,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4405261073"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038206174","display_name":"Vitaly Shmatikov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1336-5714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261073","display_name":"Cornell Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/04qscbg47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4405261073"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitaly Shmatikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell Tech","The University of Texas at Austin,","University of Massachusetts Amherst,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4405261073"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062522462"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I24603500","https://openalex.org/I4405261073","https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7917,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93970982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":"3","first_page":"212","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12335","display_name":"Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.763688325881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-streaming-protocol","display_name":"Real Time Streaming Protocol","score":0.6274132132530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6216573119163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/censorship","display_name":"Censorship","score":0.6047135591506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/live-streaming","display_name":"Live streaming","score":0.5986866354942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5861365795135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5583512187004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.451617956161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.42697271704673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42389070987701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.36414670944213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.34357011318206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.06711679697036743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.763688325881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110738861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682598","display_name":"Real Time Streaming Protocol","level":3,"score":0.6274132132530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6216573119163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52930066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543","display_name":"Censorship","level":2,"score":0.6047135591506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776741261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027665","display_name":"Live streaming","level":2,"score":0.5986866354942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5861365795135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5583512187004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.451617956161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.42697271704673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42389070987701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.36414670944213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34357011318206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.06711679697036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2016-0024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0024","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ac69d216f2e491c8d8f186ad67a68b9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ac69d216f2e491c8d8f186ad67a68b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2016, Iss 3, Pp 212-225 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2016-0024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0024","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1945718464","display_name":"TWC: Small: Finding and Repairing Semantic Vulnerabilities in Modern Software","funder_award_id":"1223396","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2324183114","display_name":"TWC: Medium: Collaborative: Hiding Hay in a Haystack: Integrating Censorship Resistance into the Mainstream Internet","funder_award_id":"1409438","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5076061955","display_name":"TWC: Medium: Collaborative: Hiding Hay in a Haystack: Integrating Censorship Resistance into the Mainstream Internet","funder_award_id":"1612872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6526062353","display_name":"Secure Sharing of Clinical History & Genetic Data: Empowering Predictive Pers. Me","funder_award_id":"5r01lm011028-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2346832320.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2346832320.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105475431","https://openalex.org/W120790494","https://openalex.org/W123032646","https://openalex.org/W1517860926","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W2042477294","https://openalex.org/W2045725024","https://openalex.org/W2052565897","https://openalex.org/W2080100559","https://openalex.org/W2111695118","https://openalex.org/W2209711601","https://openalex.org/W2242737648","https://openalex.org/W2396113481","https://openalex.org/W2397223326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392880779","https://openalex.org/W2087578765","https://openalex.org/W2594690746","https://openalex.org/W2292972248","https://openalex.org/W2356602106","https://openalex.org/W193693763","https://openalex.org/W4235833544","https://openalex.org/W2298109371","https://openalex.org/W253879335","https://openalex.org/W4205487188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"design,":[2],"implement,":[3],"and":[4,40,46],"evaluate":[5],"CovertCast,":[6],"a":[7],"censorship":[8],"circumvention":[9],"system":[10],"that":[11],"broadcasts":[12],"the":[13,37,42,54,73],"content":[14],"of":[15,53],"popular":[16],"websites":[17],"in":[18],"real-time,":[19],"encrypted":[20],"video":[21],"streams":[22,64],"on":[23],"common":[24],"live-streaming":[25],"services":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28,49],"YouTube.":[29],"CovertCast":[30,57],"does":[31],"not":[32],"require":[33],"any":[34,50],"modifications":[35],"to":[36],"streaming":[38,47],"service":[39],"employs":[41],"same":[43],"protocols,":[44],"servers,":[45],"software":[48],"other":[51,62],"user":[52],"service.":[55],"Therefore,":[56],"cannot":[58],"be":[59],"distinguished":[60],"from":[61],"live":[63],"by":[65],"IP":[66],"address":[67],"filtering":[68],"or":[69],"protocol":[70],"fingerprinting,":[71],"raising":[72],"bar":[74],"for":[75],"censors.":[76]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}