{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094479107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0005","title":"Analyzing the Great Firewall of China Over Space and Time","display_name":"Analyzing the Great Firewall of China Over Space and Time","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094479107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0005","mag":"2094479107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0005","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079998164","display_name":"Roya Ensafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-8267"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roya Ensafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico","University of New Mexico;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042846158","display_name":"Philipp Winter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-2997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Winter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlstad University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlstad University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025138797","display_name":"Abdullah Mueen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4839-1624"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Mueen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico","University of New Mexico;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043229300","display_name":"Jedidiah R. Crandall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-2992"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jedidiah R. Crandall","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico","University of New Mexico;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico;","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.1144,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98369594,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2015","issue":"1","first_page":"61","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firewall","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","score":0.8999204635620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6427301168441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5865281820297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-firewall","display_name":"Application firewall","score":0.5190056562423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.5109497904777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.49085670709609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40370965003967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stateful-firewall","display_name":"Stateful firewall","score":0.32181084156036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2224103808403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.16637733578681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13355210423469543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.8999204635620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6427301168441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5865281820297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86444895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451816","display_name":"Application firewall","level":4,"score":0.5190056562423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5109497904777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49085670709609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40370965003967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.32181084156036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2224103808403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.16637733578681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13355210423469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3756855","display_name":"Accretion (finance)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115304011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72755","display_name":"Schwarzschild radius","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183915046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1316152","display_name":"Charged black hole","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99b9a84f40f64086af60645290bee85c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/99b9a84f40f64086af60645290bee85c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2015, Iss 1, Pp 61-76 (2015)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/popets-2015-0005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25350463","https://openalex.org/W287961753","https://openalex.org/W1409124109","https://openalex.org/W1490025813","https://openalex.org/W1533194311","https://openalex.org/W1576185228","https://openalex.org/W1593884111","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1838445804","https://openalex.org/W1899760619","https://openalex.org/W2039220566","https://openalex.org/W2097759652","https://openalex.org/W2104615539","https://openalex.org/W2108673686","https://openalex.org/W2111695118","https://openalex.org/W2114398364","https://openalex.org/W2123491545","https://openalex.org/W2126053700","https://openalex.org/W2129498954","https://openalex.org/W2139387262","https://openalex.org/W2153156723","https://openalex.org/W2167994609","https://openalex.org/W2171318529","https://openalex.org/W2215638509","https://openalex.org/W2911611915","https://openalex.org/W3121996193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009238965","https://openalex.org/W2361515550","https://openalex.org/W2916429898","https://openalex.org/W2057573940","https://openalex.org/W4363647490","https://openalex.org/W8359669","https://openalex.org/W2347324149","https://openalex.org/W2495628081","https://openalex.org/W2583381754","https://openalex.org/W4237341780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"nation-scale":[2],"firewall,":[3],"colloquially":[4],"referred":[5],"to":[6,22,45,63,77,97,122,158,203],"as":[7,193],"the":[8,32,113,116,135,149,152,169,173,195],"\u201cGreat":[9],"Firewall":[10],"of":[11,17,50,71,109,115,151,200],"China,\u201d":[12],"implements":[13],"many":[14],"different":[15],"types":[16],"censorship":[18],"and":[19,67,104,128],"content":[20],"filtering":[21],"control":[23,114],"China\u2019s":[24],"Internet":[25],"traffic.":[26],"Past":[27],"work":[28],"has":[29,54],"shown":[30],"that":[31,94,142,166,184],"firewall":[33,170],"occasionally":[34],"fails.":[35],"In":[36,80,120],"other":[37,190],"words,":[38],"sometimes":[39],"clients":[40,72],"in":[41,73,134,161,168],"China":[42,74],"are":[43,111,145],"able":[44,96],"reach":[46],"blacklisted":[47],"servers":[48],"outside":[49],"China.":[51,162],"This":[52],"phenomenon":[53],"not":[55],"yet":[56],"been":[57],"characterized":[58],"because":[59],"it":[60],"is":[61,95,156],"infeasible":[62],"find":[64],"a":[65,89,101,130,187],"large":[66],"geographically":[68],"diverse":[69],"set":[70],"from":[75],"which":[76,110,155],"test":[78],"connectivity.":[79],"this":[81,85],"paper,":[82],"we":[83,126],"overcome":[84],"challenge":[86],"by":[87,147],"using":[88],"hybrid":[90,123],"idle":[91,124],"scan":[92],"technique":[93],"measure":[98],"connectivity":[99],"between":[100],"remote":[102],"client":[103],"an":[105],"arbitrary":[106],"server,":[107],"neither":[108],"under":[112],"researcher":[117],"performing":[118],"measurements.":[119],"addition":[121],"scans,":[125],"present":[127],"employ":[129],"novel":[131],"side":[132],"channel":[133],"Linux":[136],"kernel\u2019s":[137],"SYN":[138],"backlog.":[139],"We":[140],"show":[141],"both":[143],"techniques":[144],"practical":[146],"measuring":[148],"reachability":[150],"Tor":[153],"network":[154],"known":[157],"be":[159,207],"blocked":[160],"Our":[163],"measurements":[164],"reveal":[165],"failures":[167],"occur":[171],"throughout":[172],"entire":[174],"country":[175],"without":[176],"any":[177],"conspicuous":[178],"geographical":[179],"patterns.We":[180],"give":[181],"some":[182],"evidence":[183],"routing":[185],"plays":[186],"role,":[188],"but":[189],"factors":[191],"(such":[192],"how":[194],"GFW":[196],"maintains":[197],"its":[198],"list":[199],"IP/port":[201],"pairs":[202],"block)":[204],"may":[205],"also":[206],"important.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
