{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953290839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","title":"Flattening NTRU for Evaluation Key Free Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"Flattening NTRU for Evaluation Key Free Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953290839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","mag":"2953290839"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100611479","display_name":"Journal of Mathematical Cryptology","issn_l":"1862-2976","issn":["1862-2976","1862-2984"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mathematical Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086897887","display_name":"Yark\u0131n Dor\u00f6z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yark\u0131n Dor\u00f6z","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, MA , United States of America","Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, MA , United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066592325","display_name":"Berk Sunar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5404-5368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk Sunar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, MA , United States of America","Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, MA , United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086897887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1078},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1078},"fwci":2.1762,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89890107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"66","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ntru","display_name":"NTRU","score":0.8184351325035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.5846875905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.552829921245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48982998728752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.48168787360191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice","display_name":"Lattice (music)","score":0.48033538460731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47356903553009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4498811662197113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.44565463066101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4348139762878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4171149730682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.38062989711761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2931066155433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptosystem","display_name":"Cryptosystem","score":0.2744966149330139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10205817222595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08939492702484131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122368425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6955493","display_name":"NTRU","level":4,"score":0.8184351325035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.5846875905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.552829921245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48982998728752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.48168787360191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.48033538460731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47356903553009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4498811662197113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44565463066101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4348139762878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4171149730682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.38062989711761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2931066155433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.2744966149330139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10205817222595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08939492702484131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100611479","display_name":"Journal of Mathematical Cryptology","issn_l":"1862-2976","issn":["1862-2976","1862-2984"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mathematical Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc14147351dc4d39b91ded5f4043f79a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc14147351dc4d39b91ded5f4043f79a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mathematical Cryptology, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 66-83 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmc-2015-0052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100611479","display_name":"Journal of Mathematical Cryptology","issn_l":"1862-2976","issn":["1862-2976","1862-2984"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mathematical Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17575016","https://openalex.org/W150223756","https://openalex.org/W1497981337","https://openalex.org/W1552029096","https://openalex.org/W1936753088","https://openalex.org/W1992282993","https://openalex.org/W2084674842","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2206887593","https://openalex.org/W2398715209","https://openalex.org/W2950700143","https://openalex.org/W3028867652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390824577","https://openalex.org/W1991360943","https://openalex.org/W2386690510","https://openalex.org/W2782680317","https://openalex.org/W2365965850","https://openalex.org/W3032315956","https://openalex.org/W3012189029","https://openalex.org/W2290307374","https://openalex.org/W4383427283","https://openalex.org/W2171792069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,76],"propose":[2],"a":[3,81,134,146],"new":[4],"FHE":[5],"scheme":[6,21,35,67,100,144],"F-NTRU":[7],"that":[8,22],"adopts":[9],"the":[10,37,47,73,120,125,139,142],"flattening":[11],"technique":[12],"proposed":[13,143],"in":[14,84,145],"GSW":[15],"to":[16,24,60,72,79],"derive":[17],"an":[18],"NTRU":[19],"based":[20],"(similar":[23],"GSW)":[25],"does":[26],"not":[27],"require":[28],"evaluation":[29],"keys":[30],"or":[31],"key":[32,54,116],"switching.":[33],"Our":[34],"eliminates":[36],"decision":[38],"small":[39,102],"polynomial":[40],"ratio":[41],"assumption":[42],"but":[43],"relies":[44],"only":[45],"on":[46],"standard":[48],"R-LWE":[49],"assumption.":[50],"It":[51],"uses":[52],"wide":[53,115,147],"distributions,":[55],"and":[56,87,92,131],"hence":[57],"is":[58],"immune":[59],"Subfield":[61],"Lattice":[62],"Attack.":[63],"In":[64],"practice,":[65],"our":[66,99],"achieves":[68],"competitive":[69],"timings":[70],"compared":[71],"existing":[74],"schemes.":[75],"are":[77],"able":[78],"compute":[80],"homomorphic":[82],"multiplication":[83],"24.4":[85],"msec":[86,89],"76.0":[88],"for":[90,107],"5":[91],"30":[93,108],"levels,":[94],"respectively,":[95],"without":[96],"amortization.":[97],"Furthermore,":[98],"features":[101],"ciphertexts,":[103],"e.g.":[104],"2376":[105],"KB":[106],"levels.":[109],"The":[110],"assurance":[111],"gained":[112],"by":[113],"using":[114],"distributions":[117],"along":[118],"with":[119,133],"message":[121,136],"space":[122],"flexibility":[123],"of":[124,141,149],"scheme,":[126],"i.e.":[127],"bits,":[128],"binary":[129],"polynomials,":[130],"integers":[132],"large":[135],"space,":[137],"allows":[138],"use":[140],"array":[148],"applications.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
