{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414822295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","title":"Handwritten digit recognition: Comparative analysis of ML, CNN, vision transformer, and hybrid models on the MNIST dataset","display_name":"Handwritten digit recognition: Comparative analysis of ML, CNN, vision transformer, and hybrid models on the MNIST dataset","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414822295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2024-0411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764846071","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0334-1860","issn":["0334-1860","2191-026X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315148","host_organization_name":"IlmuKomputer.Com","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315148"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IlmuKomputer.Com"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046059507","display_name":"Dhouha Ben Noureddine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dhouha Ben Noureddine","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh , 13318 , Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh , 13318 , Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046059507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1078},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1078},"fwci":2.0087,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88767384,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.9969000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5253999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46129998564720154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.9969000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7419000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7276999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5253999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764846071","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0334-1860","issn":["0334-1860","2191-026X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315148","host_organization_name":"IlmuKomputer.Com","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315148"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IlmuKomputer.Com"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7e5641d196504e92a5e4a06dc2457452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7e5641d196504e92a5e4a06dc2457452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol 34, Iss 1, Pp p. 293-97 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2024-0411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764846071","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0334-1860","issn":["0334-1860","2191-026X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315148","host_organization_name":"IlmuKomputer.Com","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315148"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IlmuKomputer.Com"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2943027572","https://openalex.org/W2982333328","https://openalex.org/W3042672025","https://openalex.org/W3145185940","https://openalex.org/W4225999960","https://openalex.org/W4237183406","https://openalex.org/W4293237850","https://openalex.org/W4318539275","https://openalex.org/W4390618925"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Handwritten":[1],"digit":[2],"recognition":[3],"(HDR)":[4],"remains":[5],"challenging":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,59,75,223],"variations":[9],"in":[10,266,270],"writing":[11],"styles.":[12],"To":[13,119],"address":[14],"this":[15,17,237],"challenge,":[16],"study":[18,238],"comprehensively":[19],"compares":[20],"ML":[21,68],"(ML)":[22],"and":[23,45,48,55,69,89,115,133,138,143,148,151,154,159,181,193,204,220,234,251,263],"deep":[24],"learning":[25,126],"(DL)":[26],"models.":[27],"We":[28,34,162],"explored":[29,124],"a":[30,165,188,240],"variety":[31],"of":[32,43,53,85,177,200,229,243,258],"approaches.":[33],"evaluated":[35],"these":[36],"models":[37,71],"on":[38,87,91,102,113,117,136,146,157,179,183,202,206],"the":[39,197,256],"Modified":[40,50],"National":[41,51],"Institute":[42,52],"Standards":[44,54],"Technology":[46,56],"(MNIST)":[47],"Extended":[49],"(EMNIST)":[57],"datasets":[58],"assess":[60],"their":[61],"generalization":[62],"capabilities.":[63],"Initially,":[64],"we":[65,123,186,211],"investigated":[66],"standalone":[67],"DL":[70,259],"trained":[72],"from":[73],"scratch":[74],"learn":[76],"features":[77],"directly.":[78],"Logistic":[79],"regression":[80],"(LR)":[81],"achieved":[82],"an":[83,175],"accuracy":[84,101,112,135,145,156,176,199,269],"92.5%":[86],"MNIST":[88,114,137,147,158,180,203],"86.63%":[90],"EMNIST.":[92,118,184,207],"A":[93],"multi-layer":[94],"perceptron":[95],"demonstrated":[96],"improved":[97],"performance":[98],"with":[99,130],"98.10%":[100],"MNIST.":[103],"Convolutional":[104],"neural":[105],"networks":[106],"exhibited":[107],"superior":[108],"performance,":[109,122],"reaching":[110],"99.90%":[111],"99.57%":[116],"further":[120],"enhance":[121],"ensemble":[125],"techniques,":[127],"combining":[128,191],"CNNs":[129,262],"RF":[131],"(98.20":[132],"99.86%":[134],"EMNIST,":[139,149,160],"respectively),":[140,150],"LR":[141],"(88.67":[142],"99.79%":[144],"VC":[152],"(99.27":[153],"99.83%":[155],"respectively).":[161],"then":[163],"introduced":[164],"ViT":[166],"model,":[167],"leveraging":[168],"self-attention":[169],"for":[170],"long-range":[171],"dependency":[172],"modeling,":[173],"achieving":[174,267],"98.70%":[178],"99.58%":[182],"Finally,":[185],"proposed":[187],"hybrid":[189,264],"model":[190,225],"CNN":[192],"ViT,":[194],"that":[195],"yielded":[196],"highest":[198],"99.97%":[201],"98.26%":[205],"Throughout":[208],"our":[209],"experimentation,":[210],"employed":[212],"various":[213],"techniques":[214],"such":[215],"as":[216],"regularization,":[217],"weight":[218],"initialization,":[219],"optimization":[221],"strategies":[222],"improve":[224],"performance.":[226],"The":[227,253],"impact":[228],"each":[230,248],"technique":[231],"is":[232],"analyzed":[233],"discussed.":[235],"Overall,":[236],"provides":[239],"comprehensive":[241],"comparison":[242],"different":[244],"HDR":[245],"models,":[246,260],"highlighting":[247],"approach\u2019s":[249],"strengths":[250],"weaknesses.":[252],"results":[254],"demonstrate":[255],"effectiveness":[257],"particularly":[261],"architectures,":[265],"high":[268],"HDR.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
