{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296685329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198","title":"An extensive review of state-of-the-art transfer learning techniques used in medical imaging: Open issues and challenges","display_name":"An extensive review of state-of-the-art transfer learning techniques used in medical imaging: Open issues and challenges","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296685329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/jisys-2022-0198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764846071","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0334-1860","issn":["0334-1860","2191-026X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315148","host_organization_name":"IlmuKomputer.Com","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315148"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IlmuKomputer.Com"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074813213","display_name":"Abdulrahman Abbas Mukhlif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27768575","display_name":"University of Anbar","ror":"https://ror.org/055a6gk50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulrahman Abbas Mukhlif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar , 31001 , Ramadi , Anbar , Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar , 31001 , Ramadi , Anbar , Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068021506","display_name":"Belal Al\u2010Khateeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3066-0790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27768575","display_name":"University of Anbar","ror":"https://ror.org/055a6gk50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Belal Al-Khateeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar , 31001 , Ramadi , Anbar , Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar , 31001 , Ramadi , Anbar , Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091151166","display_name":"Mazin Abed Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-8102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27768575","display_name":"University of Anbar","ror":"https://ror.org/055a6gk50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mazin Abed Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar , 31001 , Ramadi , Anbar , Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar , 31001 , Ramadi , Anbar , Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091151166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1078},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1078},"fwci":6.9369,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97362644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"1085","last_page":"1111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7955659627914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7786802053451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.7451157569885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.651500403881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6310269236564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6154553890228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6073721051216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5851532220840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5566041469573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.49357712268829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4200814366340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.4150310754776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39062973856925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.29549986124038696}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7955659627914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7786802053451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7451157569885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.651500403881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6310269236564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6154553890228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6073721051216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5851532220840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5566041469573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.49357712268829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4200814366340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.4150310754776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39062973856925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29549986124038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/jisys-2022-0198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764846071","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0334-1860","issn":["0334-1860","2191-026X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315148","host_organization_name":"IlmuKomputer.Com","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315148"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IlmuKomputer.Com"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44cd0ddbf40942b1a3d89762d52177ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44cd0ddbf40942b1a3d89762d52177ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol 31, Iss 1, Pp 1085-1111 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/jisys-2022-0198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jisys-2022-0198/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764846071","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0334-1860","issn":["0334-1860","2191-026X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315148","host_organization_name":"IlmuKomputer.Com","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315148"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IlmuKomputer.Com"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296685329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296685329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976193075","https://openalex.org/W2002507614","https://openalex.org/W2020355832","https://openalex.org/W2081578499","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2617669016","https://openalex.org/W2758062365","https://openalex.org/W2772030296","https://openalex.org/W2775751058","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2811310557","https://openalex.org/W2885824038","https://openalex.org/W2890724796","https://openalex.org/W2892961888","https://openalex.org/W2899061025","https://openalex.org/W2899210047","https://openalex.org/W2900257566","https://openalex.org/W2900992792","https://openalex.org/W2903531862","https://openalex.org/W2909098907","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2919888721","https://openalex.org/W2921020016","https://openalex.org/W2924661000","https://openalex.org/W2928842276","https://openalex.org/W2940790545","https://openalex.org/W2946122943","https://openalex.org/W2947272707","https://openalex.org/W2952854804","https://openalex.org/W2962898707","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963693396","https://openalex.org/W2963946669","https://openalex.org/W2964121960","https://openalex.org/W2972838422","https://openalex.org/W2978636994","https://openalex.org/W2985286907","https://openalex.org/W2990126653","https://openalex.org/W2997402095","https://openalex.org/W2998449599","https://openalex.org/W3002256141","https://openalex.org/W3003482962","https://openalex.org/W3005758045","https://openalex.org/W3010540599","https://openalex.org/W3010871530","https://openalex.org/W3012446857","https://openalex.org/W3014832474","https://openalex.org/W3020996329","https://openalex.org/W3031941587","https://openalex.org/W3036365526","https://openalex.org/W3036625760","https://openalex.org/W3038540011","https://openalex.org/W3078697145","https://openalex.org/W3082598879","https://openalex.org/W3084893494","https://openalex.org/W3085562408","https://openalex.org/W3091484480","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3097337942","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3117240155","https://openalex.org/W3118395324","https://openalex.org/W3119036516","https://openalex.org/W3129347641","https://openalex.org/W3135918237","https://openalex.org/W3148908072","https://openalex.org/W3152685026","https://openalex.org/W3155396182","https://openalex.org/W3156316671","https://openalex.org/W3156906419","https://openalex.org/W3157536872","https://openalex.org/W3159690776","https://openalex.org/W3163936961","https://openalex.org/W3203594155","https://openalex.org/W4200416990","https://openalex.org/W4205988278","https://openalex.org/W4214712602","https://openalex.org/W4220909864","https://openalex.org/W4223428537","https://openalex.org/W4224263877","https://openalex.org/W4226318346","https://openalex.org/W4246064672","https://openalex.org/W4280614033","https://openalex.org/W6600182862","https://openalex.org/W6730213019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390929683","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3176438653","https://openalex.org/W3135818718","https://openalex.org/W4290188444","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3003905048","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W3127975138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Deep":[1],"learning":[2,102,111,164],"techniques,":[3],"which":[4],"use":[5,190,235],"a":[6,19,41,59,104,119,126,134],"massive":[7],"technology":[8],"known":[9],"as":[10,29,103,205],"convolutional":[11],"neural":[12],"networks,":[13],"have":[14,250],"shown":[15,251],"excellent":[16],"results":[17],"in":[18,71,162,181,201,283,290],"variety":[20],"of":[21,32,44,61,137,170,220,254],"areas,":[22],"including":[23],"image":[24],"processing":[25],"and":[26,78,95,124,146,166,174,210,243,271,295,298],"interpretation.":[27],"However,":[28,246],"the":[30,38,54,64,72,88,147,168,171,194,252,274,278,291],"depth":[31],"these":[33,50,154,221,284],"networks":[34],"grows,":[35],"so":[36],"does":[37],"demand":[39],"for":[40,66,293],"large":[42],"amount":[43],"labeled":[45,68],"data":[46,236,259],"required":[47],"to":[48,82,85,93,107,114,122,132,152,185,224,239],"train":[49],"networks.":[51],"In":[52,156,231],"particular,":[53],"medical":[55,69,172],"field":[56,74],"suffers":[57],"from":[58,118],"lack":[60],"images":[62,70],"because":[63],"procedure":[65],"obtaining":[67],"healthcare":[73],"is":[75],"difficult,":[76],"expensive,":[77],"requires":[79],"specialized":[80],"expertise":[81],"add":[83],"labels":[84],"images.":[86,230],"Moreover,":[87],"process":[89,121],"may":[90],"be":[91,179],"prone":[92],"errors":[94],"time-consuming.":[96],"Current":[97],"research":[98],"has":[99],"revealed":[100],"transfer":[101,115,163],"viable":[105],"solution":[106],"this":[108,144,158],"problem.":[109,128],"Transfer":[110],"allows":[112],"us":[113],"knowledge":[116],"gained":[117],"previous":[120],"improve":[123],"tackle":[125],"new":[127],"This":[129],"study":[130,159],"aims":[131],"conduct":[133],"comprehensive":[135],"survey":[136],"recent":[138],"studies":[139,249],"that":[140,177],"dealt":[141],"with":[142,256],"solving":[143],"problem":[145],"most":[148,279],"important":[149],"metrics":[150],"used":[151,281],"evaluate":[153],"methods.":[155],"addition,":[157,232],"identifies":[160],"problems":[161,169,176,289],"techniques":[165,216,238],"highlights":[167],"dataset":[173,196,242],"potential":[175],"can":[178],"addressed":[180],"future":[182],"research.":[183],"According":[184],"our":[186],"review,":[187],"many":[188,202,233],"researchers":[189,234],"pre-trained":[191],"models":[192],"on":[193,227],"Imagenet":[195],"(VGG16,":[197],"ResNet,":[198],"Inception":[199],"v3)":[200],"applications":[203],"such":[204],"skin":[206],"cancer,":[207,209],"breast":[208,296],"diabetic":[211],"retinopathy":[212],"classification":[213],"tasks.":[214],"These":[215],"require":[217],"further":[218],"investigation":[219],"models,":[222],"due":[223],"training":[225],"them":[226],"natural,":[228],"non-medical":[229],"augmentation":[237],"expand":[240],"their":[241],"avoid":[244],"overfitting.":[245],"not":[247],"enough":[248],"effect":[253],"performance":[255],"or":[257],"without":[258],"augmentation.":[260],"Accuracy,":[261],"recall,":[262],"precision,":[263],"F":[264],"1":[265],"score,":[266],"receiver":[267],"operator":[268],"characteristic":[269],"curve,":[270],"area":[272],"under":[273],"curve":[275],"(AUC)":[276],"were":[277],"widely":[280],"measures":[282],"studies.":[285],"Furthermore,":[286],"we":[287],"identified":[288],"datasets":[292],"melanoma":[294],"cancer":[297],"suggested":[299],"corresponding":[300],"solutions.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-10T14:10:52.464848","created_date":"2022-09-23T00:00:00"}