{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366609214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2023-0018","title":"Bit slicing approaches for variability aware ReRAM CIM macros","display_name":"Bit slicing approaches for variability aware ReRAM CIM macros","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366609214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2023-0018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/itit-2023-0018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2023-0018","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/itit-2023-0018/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210229153","display_name":"it - Information Technology","issn_l":"1611-2776","issn":["1611-2776","2196-7032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319967","host_organization_name":"R. Oldenbourg Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319967"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["R. Oldenbourg Verlag"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"it - Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/itit-2023-0018/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054699682","display_name":"Christopher Bengel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-9837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Bengel","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004343175","display_name":"Leon Dixius","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Dixius","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052798324","display_name":"Rainer Waser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9080-8980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rainer Waser","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016057965","display_name":"Dirk J. Wouters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6766-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk J. Wouters","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, Institute of Electronic Materials II , D-52074 Aachen , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070287728","display_name":"Stephan Menzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4258-2673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Menzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Peter Gr\u00fcnberg Institut 7 , D-52428 J\u00fclich , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Peter Gr\u00fcnberg Institut 7 , D-52428 J\u00fclich , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070287728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":2404,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2592},"fwci":0.3484,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55717445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1-2","first_page":"3","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.8403101563453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7888776659965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.6439666748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6213248372077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slicing","display_name":"Slicing","score":0.6007253527641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4923824071884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.48640871047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-touchscreen","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","score":0.4777628481388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.45658913254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4157121479511261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-multiplication","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","score":0.41534319519996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4145870506763458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.18467140197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16039103269577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1294521689414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10076022148132324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.8403101563453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7888776659965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.6439666748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6213248372077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488148","display_name":"Slicing","level":2,"score":0.6007253527641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4923824071884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.48640871047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.4777628481388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.45658913254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4157121479511261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17349429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","level":3,"score":0.41534319519996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4145870506763458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.18467140197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16039103269577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1294521689414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10076022148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/itit-2023-0018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2023-0018","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/itit-2023-0018/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210229153","display_name":"it - Information Technology","issn_l":"1611-2776","issn":["1611-2776","2196-7032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319967","host_organization_name":"R. Oldenbourg Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319967"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["R. Oldenbourg Verlag"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"it - Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/itit-2023-0018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2023-0018","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/itit-2023-0018/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210229153","display_name":"it - Information Technology","issn_l":"1611-2776","issn":["1611-2776","2196-7032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319967","host_organization_name":"R. Oldenbourg Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319967"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["R. Oldenbourg Verlag"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"it - Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366609214.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366609214.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2002257715","https://openalex.org/W2074357625","https://openalex.org/W2112181056","https://openalex.org/W2143483829","https://openalex.org/W2740455604","https://openalex.org/W2883084140","https://openalex.org/W2902880618","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921351161","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2972825382","https://openalex.org/W3003821665","https://openalex.org/W3031771821","https://openalex.org/W3033556058","https://openalex.org/W3046936379","https://openalex.org/W3048746542","https://openalex.org/W3082899001","https://openalex.org/W3084023049","https://openalex.org/W3093701126","https://openalex.org/W3134439218","https://openalex.org/W3157815942","https://openalex.org/W3158900345","https://openalex.org/W3168324241","https://openalex.org/W3168798665","https://openalex.org/W3197387328","https://openalex.org/W3197460964","https://openalex.org/W4200611376","https://openalex.org/W4205999233","https://openalex.org/W4220655405","https://openalex.org/W4229015029","https://openalex.org/W4243519499","https://openalex.org/W4254672563","https://openalex.org/W4290072581","https://openalex.org/W4292121737","https://openalex.org/W4312912484","https://openalex.org/W6781016291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005999147","https://openalex.org/W3176428941","https://openalex.org/W3089883684","https://openalex.org/W4232634182","https://openalex.org/W4301187613","https://openalex.org/W2923038022","https://openalex.org/W3008646524","https://openalex.org/W4385624997","https://openalex.org/W2593506445","https://openalex.org/W2199653281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Computation-in-Memory":[1],"accelerators":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4,108],"resistive":[5,57,146],"switching":[6,58,147],"devices":[7],"represent":[8],"a":[9,55],"promising":[10],"approach":[11,82],"to":[12,44,50,93,116,140,164],"realize":[13,94],"future":[14],"information":[15],"processing":[16],"systems.":[17],"These":[18],"architectures":[19,79],"promise":[20],"orders":[21],"of":[22,76,124,144],"magnitudes":[23],"lower":[24],"energy":[25],"consumption":[26],"for":[27,67],"certain":[28],"tasks,":[29],"while":[30],"also":[31],"achieving":[32],"higher":[33,95],"throughputs":[34],"than":[35],"other":[36],"special":[37],"purpose":[38],"hardware":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"GPUs,":[42],"due":[43],"their":[45,172],"analog":[46,105],"computation":[47],"nature.":[48],"Due":[49],"device":[51],"variability":[52,143],"issues,":[53],"however,":[54],"single":[56],"cell":[59],"usually":[60],"does":[61],"not":[62],"achieve":[63],"the":[64,68,77,109,125,129,142,145],"resolution":[65,96],"required":[66],"considered":[69],"applications.":[70],"To":[71],"overcome":[72],"this":[73,99,162],"challenge,":[74],"many":[75],"proposed":[78],"use":[80,161],"an":[81,104,134],"called":[83],"bit":[84,167],"slicing,":[85],"where":[86],"generally":[87],"multiple":[88],"low-resolution":[89],"components":[90,137],"are":[91,138],"combined":[92],"blocks.":[97],"In":[98],"paper,":[100],"we":[101],"will":[102],"present":[103],"accelerator":[106],"architecture":[107,122,163],"circuit":[110],"level,":[111],"which":[112,149],"can":[113],"be":[114],"used":[115],"perform":[117],"Vector-Matrix-Multiplications":[118],"or":[119],"Matrix-Matrix-Multiplications.":[120],"The":[121,136],"consists":[123],"1T1R":[126],"crossbar":[127],"array,":[128],"optimized":[130],"select":[131],"circuitry":[132],"and":[133,155,170],"ADC.":[135],"designed":[139],"handle":[141],"cells,":[148],"is":[150],"verified":[151,154],"through":[152],"our":[153],"physical":[156],"compact":[157],"model.":[158],"We":[159],"then":[160],"compare":[165],"different":[166],"slicing":[168],"approaches":[169],"discuss":[171],"tradeoffs.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}