{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166857780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/comp-2025-0058","title":"Multi-class weed detection based on deep learning using unmanned aerial vehicle images in potato fields","display_name":"Multi-class weed detection based on deep learning using unmanned aerial vehicle images in potato fields","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166857780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/comp-2025-0058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/comp-2025-0058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/comp-2025-0058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177004","display_name":"Open Computer Science","issn_l":"2299-1093","issn":["2299-1093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/comp-2025-0058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032833167","display_name":"Ana Luc\u00eda Sandoval-Pillajo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-017X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130315","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0t8b71","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["EC","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc\u00eda Sandoval-Pillajo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador","Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia , Valencia , Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-017X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia , Valencia , Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139739023","display_name":"Luis Perugachi-Ch\u00e1vez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130315","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0t8b71","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Perugachi-Ch\u00e1vez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035791970","display_name":"Marco Pusd\u00e1-Chulde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4265-999X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130315","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0t8b71","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Pusd\u00e1-Chulde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4265-999X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083390916","display_name":"Adriana Giret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2311-0785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Giret-Boggino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia , Valencia , Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2311-0785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia , Valencia , Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014413349","display_name":"Iv\u00e1n Garc\u00eda-Santill\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-5185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130315","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0t8b71","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iv\u00e1n Garc\u00eda-Santill\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-5185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte , Ibarra , Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1050,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1187},"apc_paid":{"value":1050,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1187},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63534402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12660","display_name":"Plant Disease Management Techniques","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weed","display_name":"Weed","score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6692000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.43299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.711899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775891814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101879","display_name":"Weed","level":2,"score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6692000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6521000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/comp-2025-0058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/comp-2025-0058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177004","display_name":"Open Computer Science","issn_l":"2299-1093","issn":["2299-1093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/238040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/238040","pdf_url":"https://riunet.upv.es/bitstreams/c5c9312c-8635-4625-b922-2419e344dca5/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400639","display_name":"RiuNet (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1edf1a4c35145d392141c14fad3457a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1edf1a4c35145d392141c14fad3457a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Open Computer Science, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 100433-43 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/comp-2025-0058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/comp-2025-0058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177004","display_name":"Open Computer Science","issn_l":"2299-1093","issn":["2299-1093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.7976766228675842}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1469702238","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123673OB-C31","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1622782223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4458117819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334905","funder_display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4526231891","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN / AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6387464655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123673OB-C31","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7434936867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334905","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2755766995","https://openalex.org/W2767767563","https://openalex.org/W2769572566","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2800002789","https://openalex.org/W2886554959","https://openalex.org/W2906687096","https://openalex.org/W2982170977","https://openalex.org/W3010345596","https://openalex.org/W3011754256","https://openalex.org/W3082499117","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3118284946","https://openalex.org/W3124345384","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3144503735","https://openalex.org/W3164484471","https://openalex.org/W3186395191","https://openalex.org/W4296242362","https://openalex.org/W4308489359","https://openalex.org/W4311187173","https://openalex.org/W4313480282","https://openalex.org/W4361281610","https://openalex.org/W4379422862","https://openalex.org/W4385365809","https://openalex.org/W4387608591","https://openalex.org/W4388672898","https://openalex.org/W4389179984","https://openalex.org/W4390146257","https://openalex.org/W4391787295","https://openalex.org/W4391906265","https://openalex.org/W4392301627","https://openalex.org/W4392436421","https://openalex.org/W4393282530","https://openalex.org/W4396650209","https://openalex.org/W4400126120","https://openalex.org/W4400618288","https://openalex.org/W4400686001","https://openalex.org/W4401705313","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4402788925","https://openalex.org/W4403680880","https://openalex.org/W4403759576","https://openalex.org/W4403759762","https://openalex.org/W4403759885","https://openalex.org/W4404042250","https://openalex.org/W4404695265","https://openalex.org/W4405208560","https://openalex.org/W4405660889","https://openalex.org/W4408589411","https://openalex.org/W4408811662","https://openalex.org/W4411860226","https://openalex.org/W7109175753","https://openalex.org/W7140326171"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Early":[1],"weed":[2,29,61,151,174],"detection":[3,30,79,108,117,152],"is":[4],"a":[5,27],"critical":[6],"task":[7],"in":[8,43,131,176],"precision":[9,154],"agriculture,":[10],"as":[11],"weeds":[12],"compete":[13],"with":[14,121,168],"crops":[15],"for":[16,148,171],"resources":[17],"and":[18,22,59,66,73,86,104,119,142,153],"significantly":[19],"reduce":[20],"yield":[21],"quality.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25],"proposes":[26],"multi-class":[28,173],"approach":[31],"based":[32,81],"on":[33,82,107],"deep":[34,165],"learning":[35,166],"using":[36,114],"unmanned":[37],"aerial":[38],"vehicle":[39],"(UAV)":[40],"images":[41],"acquired":[42],"real":[44],"potato":[45],"fields":[46],"under":[47],"uncontrolled":[48],"environmental":[49],"conditions.":[50,133],"A":[51],"custom":[52],"dataset":[53],"containing":[54],"five":[55],"classes":[56],"(potato":[57],"crop":[58],"four":[60],"categories)":[62],"was":[63],"created,":[64],"annotated,":[65],"made":[67],"publicly":[68],"available":[69],"to":[70,95,124],"support":[71],"reproducibility":[72],"future":[74],"comparisons.":[75],"Two":[76],"modern":[77],"object":[78,116],"architectures,":[80],"convolutional":[83],"neural":[84],"networks":[85],"Transformer":[87],"models,":[88],"were":[89,112],"evaluated":[90],"through":[91],"multiple":[92],"training":[93],"variants":[94],"analyze":[96],"the":[97,126,129,160],"impact":[98],"of":[99,128,162],"class":[100],"balancing,":[101],"image":[102],"resolution,":[103],"hyperparameter":[105],"optimization":[106],"performance.":[109],"The":[110,157],"models":[111,167],"assessed":[113],"standard":[115],"metrics":[118],"complemented":[120],"statistical":[122],"validation":[123],"verify":[125],"reliability":[127],"predictions":[130],"real-field":[132],"Experimental":[134],"results":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137],"both":[138],"architectures":[139],"achieve":[140],"robust":[141],"comparable":[143],"performance,":[144],"demonstrating":[145],"their":[146],"suitability":[147],"near":[149],"real-time":[150],"agriculture":[155],"applications.":[156],"findings":[158],"confirm":[159],"effectiveness":[161],"combining":[163],"advanced":[164],"UAV":[169],"imagery":[170],"accurate":[172],"identification":[175],"complex":[177],"agricultural":[178],"environments.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}