{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4248560048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2020.110660","title":"Risk assessment of smart grids under cyber-physical attacks using Bayesian networks","display_name":"Risk assessment of smart grids under cyber-physical attacks using Bayesian networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4248560048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2020.110660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijesdf.2020.110660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2020.110660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198660693","display_name":"International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics","issn_l":"1751-911X","issn":["1751-911X","1751-9128"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086674176","display_name":"Anas AlMajali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-670X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anas AlMajali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028216708","display_name":"Yatin Wadhawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-1095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yatin Wadhawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102710742","display_name":"Mahmood Saadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-5146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmood S. Saadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049921941","display_name":"Laith Shalalfeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3042-5080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laith Shalalfeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071252756","display_name":"Clifford Neuman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4318-0721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clifford Neuman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2915,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59296747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"357","last_page":"357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.8067069053649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8030291795730591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6827788949012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-breaker","display_name":"Circuit breaker","score":0.6640360355377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5755640268325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5224860310554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.48833009600639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.44993001222610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.42241808772087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4139825999736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4091129004955292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3636559247970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.23982784152030945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12410709261894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1222195029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11042678356170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10391616821289062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.8067069053649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8030291795730591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6827788949012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.6640360355377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5755640268325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5224860310554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.48833009600639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.44993001222610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.42241808772087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4139825999736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4091129004955292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3636559247970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.23982784152030945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12410709261894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1222195029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11042678356170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10391616821289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijesdf.2020.110660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2020.110660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198660693","display_name":"International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics","issn_l":"1751-911X","issn":["1751-911X","1751-9128"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358245908","https://openalex.org/W2946248804","https://openalex.org/W2974890647","https://openalex.org/W4385452087","https://openalex.org/W4321484089","https://openalex.org/W2296060994","https://openalex.org/W4304097726","https://openalex.org/W4304097727","https://openalex.org/W2177488045","https://openalex.org/W3123953333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Different":[0],"technologies":[1],"are":[2,146],"used":[3],"to":[4,37,45,67,119,148],"manage":[5],"the":[6,12,33,56,68,79,83,90,101,105,126,133,139,154,162,165,169],"integration":[7,18],"of":[8,40,58,78,85,94,103,128,141,156,164],"smart":[9,34,69,166,178],"devices":[10],"with":[11,180],"conventional":[13],"power":[14,65],"grid.":[15,70],"This":[16],"new":[17,38],"allows":[19],"more":[20],"control":[21,107],"and":[22,27,49,89,143],"monitoring":[23],"capabilities":[24],"for":[25],"stakeholders":[26],"customers.":[28],"However,":[29],"it":[30],"also":[31],"makes":[32],"grid":[35,80,167],"susceptible":[36],"classes":[39],"cyber-physical":[41],"threats":[42],"that":[43,62,176],"have":[44],"be":[46,117],"analysed,":[47],"evaluated":[48],"mitigated.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,99,124,152],"evaluate":[55],"risk":[57,76],"manipulating":[59,129],"circuit":[60,121,130],"breakers":[61,131],"connect":[63],"a":[64,111,188],"generator":[66],"Our":[71],"main":[72],"contribution":[73],"is":[74],"performing":[75],"assessment":[77],"by":[81],"combining":[82],"vulnerabilities":[84],"its":[86,95,144],"cyber":[87],"domain":[88],"transient":[91],"stability":[92,163],"analysis":[93],"physical":[96],"domain.":[97],"First,":[98],"estimate":[100],"probability":[102,140],"compromising":[104],"energy":[106],"centre":[108],"(ECC)":[109],"using":[110],"Bayesian":[112],"network.":[113],"The":[114,173],"ECC":[115],"can":[116,183],"exploited":[118],"manipulate":[120],"breakers.":[122],"Second,":[123],"analyse":[125,153],"impact":[127,145],"in":[132],"IEEE":[134],"39-bus":[135],"test":[136],"system.":[137],"Third,":[138],"compromise":[142],"combined":[147],"quantify":[149],"risk.":[150],"Finally,":[151],"effect":[155],"integrating":[157,177],"photovoltaic":[158],"(PV)":[159],"systems":[160,182],"on":[161],"under":[168],"same":[170],"attack":[171],"scenarios.":[172],"results":[174],"indicate":[175],"grids":[179],"PV":[181],"improve":[184],"resilience":[185],"even":[186],"if":[187],"cyber-attack":[189],"succeeds.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}