{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323529774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijcat.2022.10054567","title":"Transformer for long-term effect estimation","display_name":"Transformer for long-term effect estimation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323529774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijcat.2022.10054567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijcat.2022.10054567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijcat.2022.10054567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207686","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology","issn_l":"0952-8091","issn":["0952-8091","1741-5047"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411531","display_name":"Xiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-3446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047634207","display_name":"Xianglong Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-4386"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianglong Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Huading Technology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Huading Technology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654130","display_name":"Chen Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-5475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084951207","display_name":"Shengjia Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8884-0167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengjia Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19898086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"4","first_page":"322","last_page":"322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.36809998750686646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.36809998750686646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.3370000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.3294999897480011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.6591208577156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5395320057868958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3610210418701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.21216970682144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09465065598487854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.6591208577156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5395320057868958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3610210418701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21216970682144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09465065598487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijcat.2022.10054567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijcat.2022.10054567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207686","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology","issn_l":"0952-8091","issn":["0952-8091","1741-5047"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Determining":[0],"the":[1,15,57,70,76,79,83,88,93,97,101,121,136],"long-term":[2,29,80,84,148],"causal":[3],"effects":[4,32],"as":[5,7],"well":[6],"making":[8],"decisions":[9],"in":[10,21,37,56],"a":[11,43,61],"timely":[12],"fashion":[13],"are":[14,106],"most":[16],"challenging":[17],"and":[18,30,74,113,123,128,144],"significant":[19],"tasks":[20],"A/B":[22],"tests.":[23],"The":[24],"key":[25],"challenge":[26],"is":[27],"that":[28,42,132],"short-term":[31,49,71],"may":[33,51],"be":[34],"different,":[35],"especially":[36],"an":[38],"online":[39],"controlled":[40],"experiment":[41],"low-qualified":[44],"ads":[45],"strategy":[46],"with":[47],"high":[48],"revenue":[50],"hurt":[52],"users'":[53],"service":[54],"experience":[55],"future.":[58],"We":[59],"propose":[60],"'Transformer":[62],"for":[63],"Long-Term":[64],"Effect":[65],"(TLTE)'":[66],"method":[67],"to":[68,81,91,138],"encode":[69],"latent":[72],"features":[73],"predict":[75],"outcome":[77],"of":[78,141,147],"estimate":[82],"effects.":[85],"TLTE":[86],"utilises":[87],"transformer":[89],"structure":[90],"capture":[92],"reasoning":[94],"feature,":[95],"considering":[96],"global":[98],"information":[99],"by":[100],"self-attention":[102],"mechanism.":[103],"Extensive":[104],"experiments":[105,130],"conducted":[107],"on":[108],"public":[109],"day-level":[110],"data":[111,118],"sets":[112],"our":[114,133],"collected":[115],"large-scale":[116],"hourly":[117],"set,":[119],"providing":[120],"flexible":[122],"sensitive":[124],"analysis.":[125],"Both":[126],"quantitative":[127],"qualitative":[129],"demonstrate":[131],"model":[134],"has":[135],"ability":[137],"meet":[139],"requirements":[140],"real-world":[142],"scenarios":[143],"improves":[145],"accuracy":[146],"effect":[149],"estimation.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}