{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793224988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2018.10011555","title":"Automated Lumbar-lordosis Angle Computation from Digital X-ray Image Based on Unsupervised Learning","display_name":"Automated Lumbar-lordosis Angle Computation from Digital X-ray Image Based on Unsupervised Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793224988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2018.10011555","mag":"2793224988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijaip.2018.10011555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2018.10011555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27191780","display_name":"International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms","issn_l":"1755-0386","issn":["1755-0386","1755-0394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110256879","display_name":"Prasanna Lenka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124687","display_name":"Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped","ror":"https://ror.org/02s7a2f24","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124687"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prasanna Lenka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rehab. Engineering, Research and Development, National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped, B.T. Road, Bonhoogly, Kolkata-700090, West Bengal, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rehab. Engineering, Research and Development, National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped, B.T. Road, Bonhoogly, Kolkata-700090, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043543748","display_name":"Amlan Chakrabarti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4380-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106542073","display_name":"University of Calcutta","ror":"https://ror.org/01e7v7w47","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106542073"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amlan Chakrabarti","raw_affiliation_strings":["A.K. Choudhury School of Information Technology, University of Calcutta, JD-3, JD Block, Sector-3, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700098, West Bengal, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A.K. Choudhury School of Information Technology, University of Calcutta, JD-3, JD Block, Sector-3, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700098, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106542073"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112865820","display_name":"Raka Kundu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106542073","display_name":"University of Calcutta","ror":"https://ror.org/01e7v7w47","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106542073"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raka Kundu","raw_affiliation_strings":["A.K. Choudhury School of Information Technology, University of Calcutta, JD-3, JD Block, Sector-3, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700098, West Bengal, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A.K. Choudhury School of Information Technology, University of Calcutta, JD-3, JD Block, Sector-3, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700098, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106542073"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110256879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124687"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02533837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6942435503005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sagittal-plane","display_name":"Sagittal plane","score":0.6871730089187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5948785543441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5804616808891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lordosis","display_name":"Lordosis","score":0.5293006896972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5287914872169495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.5247514247894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobb-angle","display_name":"Cobb angle","score":0.47284868359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.46002402901649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebra","display_name":"Vertebra","score":0.4581308960914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-curvature","display_name":"Gaussian curvature","score":0.43761131167411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sacrum","display_name":"Sacrum","score":0.4336088001728058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4277561902999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.37116289138793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2737579345703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.27304232120513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23145711421966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.203313946723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.1968488097190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.16972535848617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.14089643955230713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6942435503005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178910020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994","display_name":"Sagittal plane","level":2,"score":0.6871730089187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5948785543441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5804616808891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780901121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744305","display_name":"Lordosis","level":3,"score":0.5293006896972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5287914872169495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.5247514247894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778871979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104591","display_name":"Cobb angle","level":3,"score":0.47284868359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.46002402901649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180323","display_name":"Vertebra","level":2,"score":0.4581308960914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16140857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945953","display_name":"Gaussian curvature","level":3,"score":0.43761131167411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779455797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233316","display_name":"Sacrum","level":2,"score":0.4336088001728058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4277561902999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.37116289138793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2737579345703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27304232120513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23145711421966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.203313946723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.1968488097190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.16972535848617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.14089643955230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1504/ijaip.2018.10011555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2018.10011555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27191780","display_name":"International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms","issn_l":"1755-0386","issn":["1755-0386","1755-0394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317825","host_organization_name":"Inderscience Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Inderscience Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2564111171","https://openalex.org/W2062735445","https://openalex.org/W2189207911","https://openalex.org/W2417349855","https://openalex.org/W234545949","https://openalex.org/W2329088616","https://openalex.org/W2041073951","https://openalex.org/W1120023927","https://openalex.org/W2765912754","https://openalex.org/W2607998649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computation":[0],"of":[1,5,54,80,96,113,117],"lumbar-lordosis":[2],"angle":[3,20,69,105],"(LLA)":[4],"spine":[6,57],"is":[7,35,85,110],"a":[8],"common":[9],"measure":[10],"for":[11,52,102],"patients":[12],"suffering":[13],"from":[14,56,107,131],"lower":[15],"back":[16],"pain":[17],"(LBP).":[18],"The":[19,78],"formed":[21],"between":[22],"the":[23,30,36,67,76,94,99,111,118,132],"extreme":[24],"superior":[25,31],"lumbar":[26],"vertebra":[27,33],"(L1)":[28],"and":[29,66,126],"sacrum":[32],"(S1)":[34],"LLA.":[37,77],"Based":[38],"on":[39,122],"Gaussian":[40],"mixture":[41],"model":[42],"(GMM),":[43],"an":[44],"unsupervised":[45],"automated":[46,83,103],"image":[47,60],"processing":[48],"technique":[49,84,101,119],"was":[50,64,72,120],"developed":[51],"computation":[53,106],"LLA":[55,104],"sagittal":[58],"X-ray":[59,109,124],"where":[61],"lumbar-sacral":[62],"curvature":[63,68],"identified":[65],"(Cobb's":[70],"method)":[71],"measured":[73],"to":[74,86],"get":[75],"objective":[79],"our":[81,97],"proposed":[82,100],"ease":[87],"real-life":[88],"issues":[89],"in":[90],"medical":[91],"treatment.":[92],"To":[93],"extent":[95],"knowledge,":[98],"digital":[108],"first":[112],"its":[114],"kind.":[115],"Validation":[116],"done":[121],"22":[123],"images":[125],"promising":[127],"results":[128],"were":[129],"achieved":[130],"performed":[133],"experiments.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}