{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036451199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3421424.3421425","title":"Benchmarking learned indexes","display_name":"Benchmarking learned indexes","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036451199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3421424.3421425","mag":"3036451199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14778/3421424.3421425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3421424.3421425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226185","display_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","issn_l":"2150-8097","issn":["2150-8097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.12804","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025731013","display_name":"Ryan Marcus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-1124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Marcus","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL / Intel Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL / Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046188245","display_name":"Andreas Kipf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-0564"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Kipf","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL","MIT - CSAIL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT - CSAIL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075037947","display_name":"Alexander van Renen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6365-4592"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander van Renen","raw_affiliation_strings":["TUM"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TUM","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029098584","display_name":"Mihail Stoian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8843-3374"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihail Stoian","raw_affiliation_strings":["TUM"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TUM","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085992504","display_name":"Sanchit Misra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-858X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanchit Misra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs","intel labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"intel labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105817801","display_name":"Alfons Kemper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9066-271X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfons Kemper","raw_affiliation_strings":["TUM"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TUM","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101880157","display_name":"Thomas Neumann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-142X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Neumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["TUM"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TUM","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034086130","display_name":"Tim Kraska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2414-2759"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Kraska","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL","MIT - CSAIL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT - CSAIL","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025731013"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1371,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54357658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.8965390920639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8522973656654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.789108157157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.7182581424713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6298283934593201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5982743501663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4208248257637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3788674771785736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37313318252563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.10260409116744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07089141011238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.056207358837127686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8965390920639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8522973656654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.789108157157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.7182581424713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6298283934593201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5982743501663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4208248257637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3788674771785736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37313318252563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.10260409116744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07089141011238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.056207358837127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14778/3421424.3421425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3421424.3421425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226185","display_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","issn_l":"2150-8097","issn":["2150-8097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.12804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.12804","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.12804","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3036451199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.12804.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/132293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/132293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/132293.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/132293.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.12804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.12804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.12804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.12804","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.12804","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975489634","https://openalex.org/W1992891851","https://openalex.org/W2030062409","https://openalex.org/W2061997675","https://openalex.org/W2109906716","https://openalex.org/W2124553891","https://openalex.org/W2151224499","https://openalex.org/W2283004062","https://openalex.org/W2340812064","https://openalex.org/W2798891709","https://openalex.org/W2799221749","https://openalex.org/W2889524977","https://openalex.org/W2945486614","https://openalex.org/W2945912251","https://openalex.org/W2948233700","https://openalex.org/W2948936239","https://openalex.org/W2962771342","https://openalex.org/W2979531022","https://openalex.org/W2989593421","https://openalex.org/W3027982541","https://openalex.org/W3030149280","https://openalex.org/W3033065823","https://openalex.org/W3098583838","https://openalex.org/W3102117087","https://openalex.org/W3103567827","https://openalex.org/W3121516856","https://openalex.org/W6784893664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096737792","https://openalex.org/W3023346860","https://openalex.org/W3046734944","https://openalex.org/W3129976344","https://openalex.org/W2941668905","https://openalex.org/W3178053522","https://openalex.org/W3092233714","https://openalex.org/W3093502935","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2944401074","https://openalex.org/W2312327326","https://openalex.org/W2912542094","https://openalex.org/W3093112151","https://openalex.org/W3036808602","https://openalex.org/W3037237418","https://openalex.org/W2890988490","https://openalex.org/W3105582502","https://openalex.org/W2968333315","https://openalex.org/W2921286775","https://openalex.org/W3174470190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,54,109],"learned":[3,15,31,46,80,89,102],"index":[4,9,32,47,81,103],"structures":[5,33,48],"propose":[6],"replacing":[7],"existing":[8],"structures,":[10,82,104],"like":[11],"B-Trees,":[12],"with":[13],"approximate":[14],"models.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"work,":[19],"we":[20,43,96],"present":[21],"a":[22,59],"unified":[23],"benchmark":[24],"that":[25,45],"compares":[26],"well-tuned":[27],"implementations":[28],"of":[29,66,79,101],"three":[30],"against":[34],"several":[35],"state-of-the-art":[36],"\"traditional\"":[37],"baselines.":[38],"Using":[39],"four":[40],"real-world":[41],"datasets,":[42],"demonstrate":[44],"can":[49],"indeed":[50],"outperform":[51],"non-learned":[52],"indexes":[53],"read-only":[55],"in-memory":[56],"workloads":[57],"over":[58],"dense":[60],"array.":[61],"We":[62,74],"investigate":[63,97],"the":[64,76],"impact":[65],"caching,":[67],"pipelining,":[68],"dataset":[69],"size,":[70],"and":[71,83,112],"key":[72],"size.":[73],"study":[75],"performance":[77,108],"profile":[78],"build":[84,114],"an":[85],"explanation":[86],"for":[87],"why":[88],"models":[90],"achieve":[91],"such":[92,105],"good":[93],"performance.":[94],"Finally,":[95],"other":[98],"important":[99],"properties":[100],"as":[106],"their":[107,113],"multi-threaded":[110],"systems":[111],"times.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}