{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3085441975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3415478.3415553","title":"F1 lightning","display_name":"F1 lightning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3085441975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3415478.3415553","mag":"3085441975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14778/3415478.3415553","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3415478.3415553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226185","display_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","issn_l":"2150-8097","issn":["2150-8097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080051493","display_name":"Jiacheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9581-9088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiacheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057702950","display_name":"Ian Rae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-1925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Rae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059625410","display_name":"Jun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7255-9952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009026809","display_name":"Jeff Shute","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Shute","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064780056","display_name":"Zhan Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhan Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110710255","display_name":"K.-M. Lau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelvin Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102018601","display_name":"Qiang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-6017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445718","display_name":"Xi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-9522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357282","display_name":"Jun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6127-000X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324482","display_name":"Ziyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1714-0304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726787","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7730-0421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112869264","display_name":"Qilin Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qilin Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059087343","display_name":"Junxiong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7455-0759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxiong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054769729","display_name":"Jeremy Wood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041862671","display_name":"Goetz Graefe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0194-6466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goetz Graefe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074213929","display_name":"Jeff Naughton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Naughton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016572616","display_name":"John Cieslewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-6223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Cieslewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":17,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080051493"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93902283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"3313","last_page":"3325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7479731440544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transactional-leadership","display_name":"Transactional leadership","score":0.7074139714241028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6001659035682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.49964189529418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transactional-memory","display_name":"Transactional memory","score":0.48184406757354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3399382531642914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.335513710975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.22649210691452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.21152862906455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09299466013908386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7479731440544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68489960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370659","display_name":"Transactional leadership","level":2,"score":0.7074139714241028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6001659035682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.49964189529418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134277064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878206","display_name":"Transactional memory","level":3,"score":0.48184406757354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3399382531642914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.335513710975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.22649210691452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.21152862906455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09299466013908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14778/3415478.3415553","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3415478.3415553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226185","display_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","issn_l":"2150-8097","issn":["2150-8097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1935402982","https://openalex.org/W1972115340","https://openalex.org/W1981420413","https://openalex.org/W2013409485","https://openalex.org/W2038412523","https://openalex.org/W2047474931","https://openalex.org/W2068739275","https://openalex.org/W2074935284","https://openalex.org/W2075345089","https://openalex.org/W2128811430","https://openalex.org/W2131975293","https://openalex.org/W2149143581","https://openalex.org/W2149877754","https://openalex.org/W2150484852","https://openalex.org/W2157355837","https://openalex.org/W2266185913","https://openalex.org/W2437511805","https://openalex.org/W2584246098","https://openalex.org/W2584505023","https://openalex.org/W2612488340","https://openalex.org/W2612704407","https://openalex.org/W2753767407","https://openalex.org/W2888971921","https://openalex.org/W2967032974","https://openalex.org/W3138367763","https://openalex.org/W4253579154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069952143","https://openalex.org/W2177773059","https://openalex.org/W2335905257","https://openalex.org/W3086779066","https://openalex.org/W2005064465","https://openalex.org/W4247233665","https://openalex.org/W2171499640","https://openalex.org/W120707803","https://openalex.org/W2604561565","https://openalex.org/W1987706094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ongoing":[1],"and":[2,9,24,74,126,134,145,154,170],"increasing":[3],"interest":[4,16],"in":[5,20,41,70,93,105,176],"HTAP":[6,38,57],"(Hybrid":[7],"Transactional":[8],"Analytical":[10],"Processing)":[11],"systems":[12],"documents":[13],"the":[14,28,34,42,48,120,174],"intense":[15],"from":[17,58,136],"data":[18,30,102],"owners":[19],"simultaneously":[21],"running":[22],"transactional":[23,101,107,121],"analytical":[25],"workloads":[26],"over":[27],"same":[29],"set.":[31],"Much":[32],"of":[33,44,77,100,167,180],"reported":[35],"work":[36],"on":[37,142],"has":[39,80],"arisen":[40],"context":[43],"\"greenfield\"":[45],"systems,":[46,108,122],"answering":[47],"question":[49],"\"if":[50],"we":[51,85,152],"could":[52],"design":[53,144,163],"a":[54,75,89,97,150],"system":[55,151,175],"for":[56,178],"scratch,":[59],"what":[60],"would":[61],"it":[62],"look":[63],"like?\"":[64],"While":[65],"there":[66,95],"is":[67,96],"great":[68,98],"merit":[69],"such":[71],"an":[72,112],"approach,":[73],"lot":[76],"valuable":[78],"technology":[79],"been":[81],"developed":[82],"with":[83,147,173],"it,":[84],"found":[86],"ourselves":[87],"facing":[88],"different":[90],"challenge:":[91],"one":[92],"which":[94],"deal":[99],"already":[103],"existing":[104,113],"several":[106],"heavily":[109],"queried":[110],"by":[111],"federated":[114],"engine":[115],"that":[116,129],"does":[117],"not":[118],"\"own\"":[119],"supporting":[123],"both":[124],"new":[125],"legacy":[127],"applications":[128],"demand":[130],"transparent":[131],"fast":[132],"queries":[133],"transactions":[135],"this":[137,158],"combination.":[138],"This":[139],"paper":[140],"reports":[141],"our":[143,162,168,171],"experiences":[146],"F1":[148],"Lightning,":[149],"built":[153],"deployed":[155],"to":[156],"meet":[157],"challenge.":[159],"We":[160],"describe":[161],"decisions,":[164],"some":[165,179],"details":[166],"implementation,":[169],"experience":[172],"production":[177],"Google's":[181],"most":[182],"demanding":[183],"applications.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2020-09-21T00:00:00"}