{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037631006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3397230.3397251","title":"Sage","display_name":"Sage","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037631006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3397230.3397251","mag":"3037631006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14778/3397230.3397251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3397230.3397251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226185","display_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","issn_l":"2150-8097","issn":["2150-8097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1803480","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065818820","display_name":"Laxman Dhulipala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-064X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laxman Dhulipala","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMU"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032160862","display_name":"Charles McGuffey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-4435"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles McGuffey","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMU"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076129557","display_name":"Hongbo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9672-6490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352651","display_name":"Yan Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-4022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.C. Riverside"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.C. Riverside","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033930662","display_name":"Guy E. Blelloch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0224-9187"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guy E. Blelloch","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMU"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014824446","display_name":"Phillip B. Gibbons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6967-2735"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip B. Gibbons","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMU"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051583907","display_name":"Julian Shun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6163-6625"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Shun","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065818820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7666,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87245718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1598","last_page":"1613"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-random-access-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile random-access memory","score":0.9058794975280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8112353086471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.4492161273956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.44503650069236755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4441990852355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.41369250416755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.22895202040672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.18142390251159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.16731151938438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.1319390833377838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34172316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499024","display_name":"Non-volatile random-access memory","level":5,"score":0.9058794975280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8112353086471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.4492161273956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.44503650069236755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4441990852355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41369250416755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.22895202040672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.18142390251159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.16731151938438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.1319390833377838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87907426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815755","display_name":"Memory refresh","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14778/3397230.3397251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14778/3397230.3397251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226185","display_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","issn_l":"2150-8097","issn":["2150-8097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1803480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1803480","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1803480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1803480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1803480","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1803480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1065316766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Award","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1171700966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1814763051","display_name":"AF: Small: Shared-Memory Parallel Algorithms: Theory and Practice","funder_award_id":"1910030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3636379132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0018947","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4363747310","display_name":"CAREER: Parallel Algorithms and Frameworks for Graph and Hypergraph Processing","funder_award_id":"1845763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6550909468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1919223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6650245637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-18-3-0007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G690816852","display_name":"SPX: Collaborative Research: Multicore to Wide Area Analytics on Streaming Data","funder_award_id":"1725663","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7809439052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1845763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G782747244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G82646606","display_name":"SPX: Parallel Models and Algorithms for Emerging Memory Systems","funder_award_id":"1919223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8510928812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0018947","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8684776890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E-SC0018947","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037631006.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W358088974","https://openalex.org/W1422898865","https://openalex.org/W1475732121","https://openalex.org/W1543897857","https://openalex.org/W1576857282","https://openalex.org/W1910264759","https://openalex.org/W1982056505","https://openalex.org/W1994727615","https://openalex.org/W1995484833","https://openalex.org/W2000041758","https://openalex.org/W2013081353","https://openalex.org/W2016289973","https://openalex.org/W2016559894","https://openalex.org/W2022704179","https://openalex.org/W2023536175","https://openalex.org/W2025919541","https://openalex.org/W2034102265","https://openalex.org/W2038142281","https://openalex.org/W2044112344","https://openalex.org/W2065457989","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2080098453","https://openalex.org/W2092720654","https://openalex.org/W2097921823","https://openalex.org/W2101196063","https://openalex.org/W2104329103","https://openalex.org/W2104861744","https://openalex.org/W2117169958","https://openalex.org/W2118212234","https://openalex.org/W2119407198","https://openalex.org/W2122255072","https://openalex.org/W2125895010","https://openalex.org/W2165753192","https://openalex.org/W2270949707","https://openalex.org/W2282989799","https://openalex.org/W2473485914","https://openalex.org/W2539342202","https://openalex.org/W2549887410","https://openalex.org/W2562123954","https://openalex.org/W2606413522","https://openalex.org/W2612481446","https://openalex.org/W2612923917","https://openalex.org/W2619040869","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2738607799","https://openalex.org/W2739409954","https://openalex.org/W2752849758","https://openalex.org/W2762253163","https://openalex.org/W2763158813","https://openalex.org/W2769196024","https://openalex.org/W2782087530","https://openalex.org/W2784053634","https://openalex.org/W2788981395","https://openalex.org/W2791526170","https://openalex.org/W2798607736","https://openalex.org/W2802440256","https://openalex.org/W2804488201","https://openalex.org/W2809467539","https://openalex.org/W2890003917","https://openalex.org/W2898231337","https://openalex.org/W2905585531","https://openalex.org/W2937419751","https://openalex.org/W2940937677","https://openalex.org/W2944908197","https://openalex.org/W2945163274","https://openalex.org/W2947555139","https://openalex.org/W2949575050","https://openalex.org/W2953986226","https://openalex.org/W2953997342","https://openalex.org/W2954830752","https://openalex.org/W2962780468","https://openalex.org/W2963015830","https://openalex.org/W2963054764","https://openalex.org/W2963806858","https://openalex.org/W2963938832","https://openalex.org/W2964244402","https://openalex.org/W2971930414","https://openalex.org/W2972244716","https://openalex.org/W2982604121","https://openalex.org/W2995511737","https://openalex.org/W3007436284","https://openalex.org/W3022260960","https://openalex.org/W3037464308","https://openalex.org/W3037631006","https://openalex.org/W3041018899","https://openalex.org/W3041171185","https://openalex.org/W3099866104","https://openalex.org/W3101888373","https://openalex.org/W3102137745","https://openalex.org/W3103951610","https://openalex.org/W3105209461","https://openalex.org/W3124031623","https://openalex.org/W4255889623","https://openalex.org/W4298313295","https://openalex.org/W6678925416","https://openalex.org/W6732040680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2889233234","https://openalex.org/W3163950373","https://openalex.org/W4372160946","https://openalex.org/W2980495753","https://openalex.org/W2396406070","https://openalex.org/W1485591242","https://openalex.org/W2158662664","https://openalex.org/W2124793199","https://openalex.org/W2945173599","https://openalex.org/W2534994001"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-volatile":[0],"main":[1],"memory":[2,35,119,154],"(NVRAM)":[3],"technologies":[4],"provide":[5],"an":[6,27,88],"attractive":[7],"set":[8],"of":[9,29,117,126,146,272],"features":[10],"for":[11,69,136,199,249],"large-scale":[12],"graph":[13,45,92,104,137,148,187,204,219,223],"analytics,":[14,138],"including":[15],"byte-addressability,":[16],"low":[17],"idle":[18],"power,":[19],"and":[20,114,133,229,239],"improved":[21],"memory-density.":[22],"NVRAM":[23,32,37,73,81,162,275],"systems":[24,38,247,262],"today":[25],"have":[26],"order":[28],"magnitude":[30],"more":[31,78],"than":[33,80],"traditional":[34],"(DRAM).":[36],"could":[39],"therefore":[40],"potentially":[41],"allow":[42],"very":[43],"large":[44],"problems":[46],"to":[47,90,123,129,168],"be":[48,76],"solved":[49],"on":[50,214],"a":[51,55,59,108,151,184,201,211],"single":[52],"machine,":[53],"at":[54],"modest":[56],"cost.":[57],"However,":[58],"significant":[60],"challenge":[61],"in":[62,67,101,150,265],"achieving":[63],"high":[64],"performance":[65],"is":[66,105,120],"accounting":[68],"the":[70,95,103,115,124,130,139,144,147,157,169,215,244,259,270],"fact":[71],"that":[72,143,241,255],"writes":[74,167],"can":[75],"much":[77],"expensive":[79],"reads.":[82],"In":[83,161],"this":[84,177],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,180,191,252],"propose":[87],"approach":[89,141,165],"parallel":[91,185],"analytics":[93],"using":[94,210],"Parallel":[96],"Semi-Asymmetric":[97],"Model":[98],"(PSAM)":[99],",":[100,183],"which":[102,190],"stored":[106],"as":[107],"read-only":[109],"data":[110],"structure":[111],"(in":[112],"NVRAM),":[113],"amount":[116],"mutable":[118],"kept":[121],"proportional":[122],"number":[125],"vertices.":[127],"Similar":[128],"popular":[131],"semi-external":[132],"semi-streaming":[134],"models":[135],"PSAM":[140,197],"assumes":[142],"vertices":[145,228],"fit":[149],"fast":[152],"read-write":[153],"(DRAM),":[155],"but":[156],"edges":[158],"do":[159],"not.":[160],"systems,":[163],"our":[164],"eliminates":[166],"NVRAM,":[170],"among":[171],"other":[172],"benefits.":[173],"To":[174],"experimentally":[175,207],"study":[176,208],"new":[178],"setting,":[179],"develop":[181],"Sage":[182,209,242,256],"semi-asymmetric":[186],"engine":[188],"with":[189,224,234],"implement":[192],"provably-efficient":[193],"(and":[194],"often":[195],"work-optimal)":[196],"algorithms":[198],"over":[200,225],"dozen":[202],"fundamental":[203],"problems.":[205],"We":[206],"48--core":[212],"machine":[213],"largest":[216],"publicly-available":[217],"real-world":[218],"(the":[220],"Hyperlink":[221],"Web":[222],"3.5":[226],"billion":[227,231],"128":[230],"edges)":[232],"equipped":[233],"Optane":[235],"DC":[236],"Persistent":[237],"Memory,":[238],"show":[240,254],"outperforms":[243],"fastest":[245,260],"prior":[246,261],"designed":[248],"NVRAM.":[250],"Importantly,":[251],"also":[253],"nearly":[257],"matches":[258],"running":[263],"solely":[264],"DRAM,":[266],"by":[267],"effectively":[268],"hiding":[269],"costs":[271],"repeatedly":[273],"accessing":[274],"versus":[276],"DRAM.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2020-07-02T00:00:00"}