{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205127767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","title":"Geometric Probing of Word Vectors","display_name":"Geometric Probing of Word Vectors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205127767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","mag":"3205127767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306509709","display_name":"ESANN 2021 proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ESANN 2021 proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066626832","display_name":"Madina Babazhanova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60559429","display_name":"Nazarbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/052bx8q98","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madina Babazhanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sciences and Humanities -Nazarbayev University -Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences and Humanities -Nazarbayev University -Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007740827","display_name":"Maxat Tezekbayev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8100-2697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60559429","display_name":"Nazarbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/052bx8q98","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxat Tezekbayev","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sciences and Humanities -Nazarbayev University -Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences and Humanities -Nazarbayev University -Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053731169","display_name":"Zhenisbek Assylbekov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0095-9409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60559429","display_name":"Nazarbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/052bx8q98","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenisbek Assylbekov","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sciences and Humanities -Nazarbayev University -Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences and Humanities -Nazarbayev University -Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4392,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62862569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"587","last_page":"592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.8784183859825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7421708703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.6823370456695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6383308172225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5204120874404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.4748939573764801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4368237853050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1942143440246582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.8784183859825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7421708703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6823370456695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6383308172225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5204120874404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.4748939573764801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4368237853050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1942143440246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306509709","display_name":"ESANN 2021 proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ESANN 2021 proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nur.nu.edu.kz:123456789/17622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nur.nu.edu.kz/handle/123456789/17622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196417","display_name":"Nazarbayev University Repository (Nazarbayev University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60559429","host_organization_name":"Nazarbayev University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"/dk/atira/pure/researchoutput/researchoutputtypes/contributiontobookanthology/conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.14428/esann/2021.es2021-105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306509709","display_name":"ESANN 2021 proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ESANN 2021 proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327695","display_name":"Nazarbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/052bx8q98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205127767.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205127767.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566289585","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2606342375","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2947216034","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2974417290","https://openalex.org/W3016682301","https://openalex.org/W3035241006","https://openalex.org/W3111367603","https://openalex.org/W3135682764","https://openalex.org/W3159900299","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W236190221","https://openalex.org/W2379779959","https://openalex.org/W2333822231","https://openalex.org/W2105505991","https://openalex.org/W2394141650","https://openalex.org/W2390200212","https://openalex.org/W2388028180","https://openalex.org/W1967372967","https://openalex.org/W1995626169","https://openalex.org/W2296205523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,28,37,54,64],"informativeness":[4],"of":[5,30,43],"linguistic":[6],"properties":[7,26],"such":[8,32],"as":[9],"part-of-speech":[10,55],"and":[11],"named":[12,65],"entities":[13],"encoded":[14],"in":[15],"word":[16,46,61],"representations.":[17],"First,":[18],"we":[19,51],"find":[20,52],"directions":[21,33],"that":[22,53],"correspond":[23],"to":[24,45],"these":[25],"using":[27],"method":[29],"Then":[31],"are":[34],"compared":[35],"with":[36],"principal":[38],"vectors":[39],"obtained":[40],"from":[41],"application":[42],"PCA":[44],"embeddings.":[47],"As":[48],"a":[49],"result,":[50],"information":[56],"is":[57],"more":[58],"important":[59],"for":[60],"embeddings":[62],"than":[63],"entity":[66],"property.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-09T07:27:16.801131","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}