{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414988678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","title":"Superspreading and the evolution of virulence","display_name":"Superspreading and the evolution of virulence","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414988678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41066464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057597800","display_name":"Xander O\u2019Neill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9434-1580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117017","display_name":"Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02tsqtg57","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I4210117017","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xander O\u2019Neill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9434-1580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117017","https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103423088","display_name":"A. R. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-5531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117017","display_name":"Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02tsqtg57","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I4210117017","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andy White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-5531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117017","https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089117752","display_name":"Graham R. Northrup","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2500-3905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Graham R. Northrup","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America","Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090938987","display_name":"Chadi M. Saad-Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-3071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801317473","display_name":"Miller College","ror":"https://ror.org/00pctvz49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801317473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chadi M. Saad-Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","Department of Mathematics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-3071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801317473","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062771632","display_name":"P. Signe White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7692-3077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. Signe White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035603577","display_name":"Mike Boots","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-6136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mike Boots","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035603577","https://openalex.org/A5057597800","https://openalex.org/A5062771632","https://openalex.org/A5089117752","https://openalex.org/A5090938987","https://openalex.org/A5103423088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I2801317473","https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I4210117017","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28069024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"10","first_page":"e1013517","last_page":"e1013517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virulence","display_name":"Virulence","score":0.8557999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen","display_name":"Pathogen","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5611000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-pathogen","display_name":"Human pathogen","score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-evolution","display_name":"Viral evolution","score":0.3361999988555908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60987743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460232","display_name":"Virulence","level":3,"score":0.8557999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776460866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170065","display_name":"Pathogen","level":2,"score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5611000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24527192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149729","display_name":"Human pathogen","level":3,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8769409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066554","display_name":"Viral evolution","level":4,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87590526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3592884","display_name":"Experimental evolution","level":3,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988562018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063","display_name":"Biological evolution","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910387474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331710","display_name":"Genetic Fitness","level":3,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85721925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31151","display_name":"Population genetics","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992243407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525512","display_name":"Disease transmission","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166393388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856529","display_name":"Molecular evolution","level":4,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014774","descriptor_name":"Virulence","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014774","descriptor_name":"Virulence","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014774","descriptor_name":"Virulence","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014774","descriptor_name":"Virulence","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054884","descriptor_name":"Host-Pathogen Interactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054884","descriptor_name":"Host-Pathogen Interactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054884","descriptor_name":"Host-Pathogen Interactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054884","descriptor_name":"Host-Pathogen Interactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41066464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41066464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:804d1d558c0f461bba5d24c5db81fc21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/804d1d558c0f461bba5d24c5db81fc21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 21, Iss 10, p e1013517 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11318456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12510586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uchicago.tind.io:16379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/16379/files/10_1371_journal_pcbi_1013517.zip","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402460","display_name":"Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/16379","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6199312741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-DEB-2011109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8738520880","display_name":"2019-EEID US-UK Heterogeneities, Diversity and the Evolution of Infectious Disease","funder_award_id":"BB/V00378X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","funder_display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309634","display_name":"Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwqg982"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178727488","https://openalex.org/W1518186808","https://openalex.org/W1561556104","https://openalex.org/W1574004712","https://openalex.org/W1831731665","https://openalex.org/W1964169699","https://openalex.org/W1965289921","https://openalex.org/W1980555349","https://openalex.org/W1981113057","https://openalex.org/W1983945522","https://openalex.org/W1993268704","https://openalex.org/W2000063205","https://openalex.org/W2005296414","https://openalex.org/W2021524494","https://openalex.org/W2033860043","https://openalex.org/W2034329979","https://openalex.org/W2035349831","https://openalex.org/W2037972391","https://openalex.org/W2039572436","https://openalex.org/W2043931994","https://openalex.org/W2046518060","https://openalex.org/W2047478566","https://openalex.org/W2049912139","https://openalex.org/W2059655508","https://openalex.org/W2064357079","https://openalex.org/W2069251911","https://openalex.org/W2073017712","https://openalex.org/W2076728565","https://openalex.org/W2102338654","https://openalex.org/W2114337065","https://openalex.org/W2119657812","https://openalex.org/W2127435093","https://openalex.org/W2128737288","https://openalex.org/W2133700978","https://openalex.org/W2138660012","https://openalex.org/W2150053999","https://openalex.org/W2150236092","https://openalex.org/W2153336132","https://openalex.org/W2155418451","https://openalex.org/W2156803129","https://openalex.org/W2157813453","https://openalex.org/W2160411050","https://openalex.org/W2177622633","https://openalex.org/W2180373448","https://openalex.org/W2266100393","https://openalex.org/W2301532551","https://openalex.org/W2519341154","https://openalex.org/W2796844402","https://openalex.org/W2898861634","https://openalex.org/W2944708711","https://openalex.org/W3003844465","https://openalex.org/W3005380817","https://openalex.org/W3048874187","https://openalex.org/W3055859021","https://openalex.org/W3105224959","https://openalex.org/W3125799041","https://openalex.org/W3152585047","https://openalex.org/W3194634981","https://openalex.org/W3195575838","https://openalex.org/W4225596248","https://openalex.org/W4225776830","https://openalex.org/W4295747815","https://openalex.org/W4300452581","https://openalex.org/W4302331569","https://openalex.org/W4387179040","https://openalex.org/W4388084734","https://openalex.org/W4391826717"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Superspreading,":[0],"where":[1,117],"a":[2,6,10,26,73,193],"small":[3],"proportion":[4,12],"of":[5,13,25,29,45,50,69,75,78,142,157,170,188,207],"population":[7],"can":[8,200],"cause":[9],"high":[11],"infection":[14,79,97,100],"transmission,":[15],"is":[16,53,178],"well":[17,55],"known":[18],"to":[19,22,96,124,180],"be":[20,91,181],"important":[21,38,202],"the":[23,43,48,67,82,139,143,155,168,186,205],"epidemiology":[24],"wide":[27],"range":[28,74],"pathogens,":[30,42,87],"including":[31],"SARS-CoV-2.":[32],"However,":[33,152],"despite":[34],"its":[35],"ubiquity":[36],"in":[37,114,164],"human":[39],"and":[40,59,62,101,160,183],"animal":[41,115],"impact":[44,147],"superspreading":[46,107,131,153,199],"on":[47,204],"evolution":[49,68,159,206],"pathogen":[51,70,150,158,165],"virulence":[52,71],"not":[54,146],"understood.":[56],"Using":[57],"theory":[58],"both":[60],"deterministic":[61],"stochastic":[63],"simulations":[64],"we":[65,103],"examine":[66],"under":[72],"different":[76],"distributions":[77],"transmission":[80,140],"for":[81,85,105,109,134,149],"host.":[83],"Importantly,":[84],"many":[86],"superpreader":[88],"events":[89],"may":[90,132],"associated":[92],"with":[93],"increased":[94],"tolerance":[95],"or":[98],"asymptomatic":[99],"when":[102],"account":[104],"this":[106],"selects":[108],"higher":[110],"virulence.":[111,151,166],"In":[112,137],"contrast,":[113],"populations":[116],"highly":[118],"connected":[119],"individuals,":[120],"that":[121,175,198],"are":[122],"linked":[123],"superspreader":[125],"events,":[126],"also":[127],"have":[128,201],"fitness":[129],"benefits,":[130],"select":[133],"milder":[135],"pathogens.":[136,208],"isolation,":[138],"distribution":[141],"host":[144],"does":[145],"selection":[148],"reduces":[154],"rate":[156],"generates":[161],"considerable":[162],"variation":[163],"Therefore,":[167],"adaptation":[169],"an":[171],"emerging":[172],"infectious":[173],"disease,":[174],"exhibits":[176],"superspreading,":[177],"likely":[179],"slowed":[182],"characterised":[184],"by":[185],"maintenance":[187],"maladaptive":[189],"variants.":[190],"Taken":[191],"as":[192],"whole,":[194],"our":[195],"results":[196],"show":[197],"impacts":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}