{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411640490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","title":"Optimal sampling frequency and site selection for wastewater and environmental surveillance of infectious pathogens: A value of information assessment","display_name":"Optimal sampling frequency and site selection for wastewater and environmental surveillance of infectious pathogens: A value of information assessment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411640490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40561147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118628792","display_name":"Isabella Impalli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133156","display_name":"Education Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0337vmn97","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Isabella Impalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Trust, Washington, DC, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Trust, Washington, DC, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118628793","display_name":"Erik Bergland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133156","display_name":"Education Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0337vmn97","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erik Bergland","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Trust, Washington, DC, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Trust, Washington, DC, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090938987","display_name":"Chadi M. Saad-Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-3071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801317473","display_name":"Miller College","ror":"https://ror.org/00pctvz49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801317473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chadi M. Saad-Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-3071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801317473","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018222452","display_name":"Bryan T. Grenfell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-5909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800565835","display_name":"Princeton Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/041m1e551","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bryan T. Grenfell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America","School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843","https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077712228","display_name":"Simon A. Levin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-5639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268937","display_name":"High Meadows Environmental Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hgay921","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268937"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon A. Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America","High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843","https://openalex.org/I4405268937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005720456","display_name":"D. G. Joakim Larsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-0328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. G. Joakim Larsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research in Gothenburg, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-0328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research in Gothenburg, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088575114","display_name":"Ramanan Laxminarayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-9016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800565835","display_name":"Princeton Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/041m1e551","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133156","display_name":"Education Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0337vmn97","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ramanan Laxminarayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["One Health Trust, Washington, DC, United States of America","School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-9016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"One Health Trust, Washington, DC, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843","https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005720456","https://openalex.org/A5018222452","https://openalex.org/A5077712228","https://openalex.org/A5088575114","https://openalex.org/A5090938987","https://openalex.org/A5118628792","https://openalex.org/A5118628793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843","https://openalex.org/I2800565835","https://openalex.org/I2801317473","https://openalex.org/I4210133156","https://openalex.org/I4405268937","https://openalex.org/I881427289","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"fwci":2.4522,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8852531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"e1013190","last_page":"e1013190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11684","display_name":"Vibrio bacteria research studies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-of-information","display_name":"Value of information","score":0.6525560617446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5977993607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.557618260383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.46273788809776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-surveillance","display_name":"Disease surveillance","score":0.42635706067085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.42485421895980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37755030393600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23801013827323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16634148359298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09875723719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09791070222854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.09216085076332092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92424840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7912772","display_name":"Value of information","level":2,"score":0.6525560617446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5977993607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.557618260383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.46273788809776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776480101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3555250","display_name":"Disease surveillance","level":3,"score":0.42635706067085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.42485421895980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37755030393600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23801013827323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16634148359298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09875723719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09791070222854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.09216085076332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003141","descriptor_name":"Communicable Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003141","descriptor_name":"Communicable Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003141","descriptor_name":"Communicable Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004784","descriptor_name":"Environmental Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004784","descriptor_name":"Environmental Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004784","descriptor_name":"Environmental Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062065","descriptor_name":"Wastewater","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062065","descriptor_name":"Wastewater","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062065","descriptor_name":"Wastewater","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40561147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40561147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1957e063e0f24ca295ff49568e13dd0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1957e063e0f24ca295ff49568e13dd0c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 21, Iss 6 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f9f82f7a10843c68ff4af49af83bf6a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f9f82f7a10843c68ff4af49af83bf6a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 21, Iss 6, p e1013190 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12193039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12193039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Comput Biol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1144413407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF1918628","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1784268324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24IPA2423086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","funder_display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8569969769","display_name":"The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Inc. - to implement environmental surveillance for public health impact","funder_award_id":"INV-057431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G889425732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018-05771","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309634","display_name":"Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523141340","https://openalex.org/W1523590178","https://openalex.org/W2019785035","https://openalex.org/W2134108125","https://openalex.org/W2729831068","https://openalex.org/W2797164048","https://openalex.org/W2921084292","https://openalex.org/W2972538439","https://openalex.org/W2977369688","https://openalex.org/W3016295566","https://openalex.org/W3025983200","https://openalex.org/W3042016863","https://openalex.org/W3091097417","https://openalex.org/W3108157585","https://openalex.org/W3157114008","https://openalex.org/W3178248791","https://openalex.org/W3196874678","https://openalex.org/W3210890336","https://openalex.org/W4289295388","https://openalex.org/W4297035788","https://openalex.org/W4304990308","https://openalex.org/W4317354842","https://openalex.org/W4365484855","https://openalex.org/W4378471017","https://openalex.org/W4391848644","https://openalex.org/W4394989925","https://openalex.org/W4399157112","https://openalex.org/W4399175838","https://openalex.org/W4401152844","https://openalex.org/W4404618962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378757965","https://openalex.org/W4205762803","https://openalex.org/W4224903346","https://openalex.org/W1593262897","https://openalex.org/W2372869593","https://openalex.org/W2535856026","https://openalex.org/W2265065644","https://openalex.org/W2384194537","https://openalex.org/W2031011156","https://openalex.org/W2368745429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wastewater":[0],"and":[1,15,18,36,39,64,67,75,82,89,143,145,207,213,231,249],"environmental":[2],"surveillance":[3,24,60,138,161,184,198,211],"(WES)":[4],"is":[5,113,124,139,166,187],"a":[6,105,219,235],"promising":[7],"method":[8],"of":[9,30,48,59,72,85,140,153,160,173,197,210,222,229,238,260],"detecting":[10],"infectious":[11,263],"diseases":[12],"in":[13,26,54,117,127,266],"human":[14,37],"animal":[16],"populations":[17,250],"offers":[19],"significant":[20],"advantages":[21],"over":[22],"traditional":[23],"methods":[25],"the":[27,46,51,94,133,157,171,179,195,226,244,257],"early":[28],"detection":[29,185],"outbreaks.":[31],"However,":[32],"WES":[33,49,73,90,223,261],"involves":[34],"financial":[35],"resources,":[38],"public":[40],"policy":[41],"decisions":[42],"must":[43],"determine":[44,93,225],"whether":[45],"benefits":[47],"outweigh":[50],"costs,":[52],"particularly":[53,265],"low-resource":[55],"areas.":[56],"The":[57],"selection":[58,209],"sites,":[61],"sampling":[62,96,107,214,232],"frequency,":[63],"test":[65,116,126],"sensitivity":[66,142],"specificity":[68],"are":[69,135,148],"crucial":[70],"determinants":[71],"effectiveness":[74],"cost-efficiency.":[76],"We":[77,109],"created":[78],"an":[79],"analytical":[80],"model":[81,245],"numerical":[83],"simulations":[84],"disease":[86],"arrival,":[87],"spread,":[88],"strategies":[91],"to":[92,115,125,170,224,242,246],"optimal":[95,114,227],"frequency":[97,233],"for":[98,163,182,189,200,262],"two":[99],"interacting":[100],"patches,":[101],"each":[102],"represented":[103],"by":[104],"different":[106],"site.":[108],"show":[110],"that":[111],"it":[112,123],"one":[118],"patch":[119,174],"more":[120],"frequently":[121,131],"than":[122],"both":[128,164],"patches":[129,134,165,180,202],"less":[130],"if":[132],"sufficiently":[136],"interactive,":[137],"sufficient":[141],"specificity,":[144],"setup":[146],"costs":[147],"substantial.":[149],"In":[150],"our":[151],"value":[152,159,196],"information":[154,162,199],"(VOI)":[155],"assessment,":[156],"net":[158],"non-monotonic":[167],"with":[168],"respect":[169],"degree":[172],"interaction.":[175],"Increased":[176],"mixing":[177],"between":[178],"allows":[181],"quicker":[183],"but":[186],"worse":[188],"overall":[190],"infection":[191],"burden.":[192],"Overall,":[193],"optimizing":[194],"all":[201],"being":[203],"surveilled":[204],"requires":[205],"coordination":[206],"deliberate":[208],"sites":[212,230],"frequencies.":[215],"This":[216],"paper":[217],"provides":[218],"VOI":[220],"assessment":[221],"number":[228],"at":[234],"high":[236],"level":[237],"abstraction,":[239],"leaving":[240],"opportunity":[241],"adapt":[243],"specific":[247],"pathogens":[248],"as":[251],"needed.":[252],"Our":[253],"findings":[254],"can":[255],"inform":[256],"cost-efficient":[258],"implementation":[259],"diseases,":[264],"resource-constrained":[267],"settings.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T17:18:41.151588","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
