{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405104445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","title":"Large scale paired antibody language models","display_name":"Large scale paired antibody language models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405104445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029247834","display_name":"Henry Kenlay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-2494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091060","display_name":"Bioscientifica (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d8n5w16","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Henry Kenlay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016534522","display_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric A. Dreyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0445-7863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091060","display_name":"Bioscientifica (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d8n5w16","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric A. Dreyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077087059","display_name":"Aleksandr Kovaltsuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-8302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091060","display_name":"Bioscientifica (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d8n5w16","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandr Kovaltsuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094264779","display_name":"Dom Miketa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091060","display_name":"Bioscientifica (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d8n5w16","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dom Miketa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071950872","display_name":"Douglas E. V. Pires","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-2119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091060","display_name":"Bioscientifica (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d8n5w16","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Pires","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015572211","display_name":"Charlotte M. Deane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1388-2252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091060","display_name":"Bioscientifica (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d8n5w16","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte M. Deane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091060"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015572211","https://openalex.org/A5016534522","https://openalex.org/A5029247834","https://openalex.org/A5071950872","https://openalex.org/A5077087059","https://openalex.org/A5094264779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210091060"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"fwci":21.0209,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9971126,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"e1012646","last_page":"e1012646"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6818143129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5371025800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.523807168006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibody","display_name":"Antibody","score":0.5188332796096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4565931558609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43826180696487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.41353175044059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.4118489623069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35258418321609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.22023072838783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunology","display_name":"Immunology","score":0.17322632670402527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6818143129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5371025800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.523807168006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.5188332796096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4565931558609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43826180696487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41353175044059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.4118489623069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35258418321609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.22023072838783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.17322632670402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059014","descriptor_name":"High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059014","descriptor_name":"High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059014","descriptor_name":"High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059014","descriptor_name":"High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39642174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11654935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11654935","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11654935/pdf/pcbi.1012646.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Comput Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f702eb19668a47b89a93b6add58387c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f702eb19668a47b89a93b6add58387c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 20, Iss 12, p e1012646 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088510308","https://openalex.org/W2102461176","https://openalex.org/W2246074199","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2570949719","https://openalex.org/W2603247627","https://openalex.org/W2792924456","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2949342052","https://openalex.org/W2950118240","https://openalex.org/W2950954328","https://openalex.org/W2953008890","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2969325782","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W3104215796","https://openalex.org/W3129831491","https://openalex.org/W3146944767","https://openalex.org/W3156636935","https://openalex.org/W3168867926","https://openalex.org/W3177500196","https://openalex.org/W3206187363","https://openalex.org/W4200079908","https://openalex.org/W4210494137","https://openalex.org/W4213149192","https://openalex.org/W4220757565","https://openalex.org/W4280625391","https://openalex.org/W4283068487","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4289782607","https://openalex.org/W4309506674","https://openalex.org/W4315588295","https://openalex.org/W4317717793","https://openalex.org/W4318071656","https://openalex.org/W4327550249","https://openalex.org/W4366823175","https://openalex.org/W4366998330","https://openalex.org/W4383550741","https://openalex.org/W4387667139","https://openalex.org/W4389028818","https://openalex.org/W4390649554","https://openalex.org/W4391738021","https://openalex.org/W4393950286","https://openalex.org/W4405104445","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6796581206","https://openalex.org/W6804449239","https://openalex.org/W6852575741","https://openalex.org/W6857357817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032233321","https://openalex.org/W3121970507","https://openalex.org/W2110028391","https://openalex.org/W54497855","https://openalex.org/W217960748","https://openalex.org/W3125814499","https://openalex.org/W2090827041","https://openalex.org/W2148533276","https://openalex.org/W2094012830","https://openalex.org/W187246281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Antibodies":[0],"are":[1,101],"proteins":[2],"produced":[3],"by":[4,59],"the":[5,25,32,51,60,66,77,105,124],"immune":[6],"system":[7],"that":[8,131],"can":[9,87],"identify":[10],"and":[11,21,23,63,75,92,112,119,137,147,169],"neutralise":[12],"a":[13,142,157],"wide":[14],"variety":[15],"of":[16,29,34,38,53,65,117,145],"antigens":[17],"with":[18],"high":[19],"specificity":[20],"affinity,":[22],"constitute":[24],"most":[26],"successful":[27],"class":[28],"biotherapeutics.":[30],"With":[31],"advent":[33],"next-generation":[35],"sequencing,":[36],"billions":[37],"antibody":[39,136,152,174],"sequences":[40,96,111,116],"have":[41],"been":[42,57],"collected":[43],"in":[44,50,123,161],"recent":[45],"years,":[46],"though":[47],"their":[48],"application":[49],"design":[52,146,175],"better":[54],"therapeutics":[55],"has":[56],"constrained":[58],"sheer":[61],"volume":[62],"complexity":[64],"data.":[67],"To":[68],"address":[69],"this":[70],"challenge,":[71],"we":[72],"present":[73,122],"IgBert":[74],"IgT5,":[76],"best":[78],"performing":[79],"antibody-specific":[80],"language":[81,139],"models":[82,100,133,140],"developed":[83],"to":[84,151],"date":[85],"which":[86],"consistently":[88],"handle":[89],"both":[90],"paired":[91,115],"unpaired":[93,110],"variable":[94],"region":[95],"as":[97],"input.":[98],"These":[99],"trained":[102],"comprehensively":[103],"using":[104],"more":[106],"than":[107],"two":[108,113],"billion":[109],"million":[114],"light":[118],"heavy":[120],"chains":[121],"Observed":[125],"Antibody":[126],"Space":[127],"dataset.":[128],"We":[129],"show":[130],"our":[132],"outperform":[134],"existing":[135],"protein":[138],"on":[141],"diverse":[143],"range":[144],"regression":[148],"tasks":[149],"relevant":[150],"engineering.":[153],"This":[154],"advancement":[155],"marks":[156],"significant":[158],"leap":[159],"forward":[160],"leveraging":[162],"machine":[163],"learning,":[164],"large":[165],"scale":[166],"data":[167],"sets":[168],"high-performance":[170],"computing":[171],"for":[172,176],"enhancing":[173],"therapeutic":[177],"development.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
