{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404370682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","title":"GeM-LR: Discovering predictive biomarkers for small datasets in vaccine studies","display_name":"GeM-LR: Discovering predictive biomarkers for small datasets in vaccine studies","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404370682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39541411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342054","display_name":"Lin Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7464-1172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7464-1172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040104802","display_name":"Rachel L. Spreng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1254-0760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel L. Spreng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002215161","display_name":"Kelly E. Seaton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-3270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelly E. Seaton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-3270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110967835","display_name":"S. Moses Dennison","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Moses Dennison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030516982","display_name":"Lindsay C. Dahora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2844-6066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsay C. Dahora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033889160","display_name":"Daniel J. Schuster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-7269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel J. Schuster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000473108","display_name":"Sheetal Sawant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-7907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheetal Sawant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085731242","display_name":"Peter B. Gilbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-9427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089486","display_name":"Fred Hutch Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/007ps6h72","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter B. Gilbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069748200","display_name":"Youyi Fong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-6863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089486","display_name":"Fred Hutch Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/007ps6h72","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youyi Fong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039200063","display_name":"Neville K. Kisalu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-7260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304598786","display_name":"Program for Appropriate Technology in Health","ror":"https://ror.org/02ycvrx49","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304598786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neville Kisalu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304598786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067958141","display_name":"Andrew J. Pollard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6841-2592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146357","display_name":"Oxford BioMedica (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/03dp0vf82","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146357"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Pollard","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom","Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146357"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034536696","display_name":"Georgia D. Tomaras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-1931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgia D. Tomaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684702","display_name":"Li Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-9209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034536696","https://openalex.org/A5100342054","https://openalex.org/A5100684702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515","https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11697332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"e1012581","last_page":"e1012581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.942755401134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7713578939437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6196510791778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.60707688331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5578052997589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.546016275882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.5240590572357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.517583966255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5169745683670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.4539390504360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4509345293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-model","display_name":"Linear model","score":0.44616997241973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.4458049535751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4199599027633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3820180594921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1078241765499115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.942755401134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7713578939437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6196510791778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.60707688331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5578052997589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.546016275882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5240590572357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.517583966255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5169745683670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.4539390504360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4509345293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.44616997241973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4458049535751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4199599027633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3820180594921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1078241765499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39541411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39541411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11594404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11594404","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11594404/pdf/pcbi.1012581.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Comput Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pcbi00:1012581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c849b6f624c142b0955eb108f9706b1b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c849b6f624c142b0955eb108f9706b1b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 20, Iss 11, p e1012581 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:460b9e34-0dcb-430d-aead-1ab319ea578e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jisc Publications Router","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1581086911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant INV-008612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2765783878","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R38AI140297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3340563442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P01 AI162242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3463675399","display_name":"Developmental Core","funder_award_id":"5p30ai064518-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3660113086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AI-064518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5440929364","display_name":"Duke University - to identify antibody immune correlates of protection for efficacious vaccines to enable product development","funder_award_id":"INV-008612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6392457567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NCT00865566","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G819814859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UM1 AI068635","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G935866590","display_name":"CIF: Small: Interpretable Machine Learning based on Deep Neural Networks: A Source Coding Perspective","funder_award_id":"2205004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332582","display_name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199251881","https://openalex.org/W1579195201","https://openalex.org/W1993273815","https://openalex.org/W2000591768","https://openalex.org/W2016777949","https://openalex.org/W2048014685","https://openalex.org/W2059471177","https://openalex.org/W2064208261","https://openalex.org/W2092126505","https://openalex.org/W2098216772","https://openalex.org/W2120079411","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2144675138","https://openalex.org/W2151699048","https://openalex.org/W2164147266","https://openalex.org/W2168980979","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2273609658","https://openalex.org/W2404989549","https://openalex.org/W2436449558","https://openalex.org/W2519132385","https://openalex.org/W2588064566","https://openalex.org/W2596585349","https://openalex.org/W2757523618","https://openalex.org/W2759562520","https://openalex.org/W2783789749","https://openalex.org/W2788651711","https://openalex.org/W2870668594","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2896396561","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2978973546","https://openalex.org/W2979648666","https://openalex.org/W2981679558","https://openalex.org/W2989194140","https://openalex.org/W3011666956","https://openalex.org/W3036473471","https://openalex.org/W3084912556","https://openalex.org/W3095933689","https://openalex.org/W3101359861","https://openalex.org/W3115162871","https://openalex.org/W3120700747","https://openalex.org/W3121050787","https://openalex.org/W3166615618","https://openalex.org/W3176552995","https://openalex.org/W3187969957","https://openalex.org/W3194015586","https://openalex.org/W3198564411","https://openalex.org/W4200125820","https://openalex.org/W4214562778","https://openalex.org/W4224238239","https://openalex.org/W4225774598","https://openalex.org/W4254848468","https://openalex.org/W4281653249","https://openalex.org/W4283019452","https://openalex.org/W4298826872","https://openalex.org/W4318309686","https://openalex.org/W4321509026","https://openalex.org/W4366083448","https://openalex.org/W4403172826","https://openalex.org/W6849875089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093104230","https://openalex.org/W4390874210","https://openalex.org/W4384918963","https://openalex.org/W2128027845","https://openalex.org/W4386184937","https://openalex.org/W4394728283","https://openalex.org/W1493875009","https://openalex.org/W2105231718","https://openalex.org/W4388844349","https://openalex.org/W2019680624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"significant":[1,48],"progress":[2],"in":[3,26,54,81,149],"vaccine":[4,57],"research,":[5],"the":[6,65,119,124,140,152,157],"level":[7],"of":[8,42,69,92,99,113,123,142,161],"protection":[9],"provided":[10],"by":[11,163],"vaccination":[12,29],"can":[13,78],"vary":[14],"significantly":[15],"across":[16,24],"individuals.":[17],"As":[18],"a":[19,47,71,86,101,104,111,128,132],"result,":[20],"understanding":[21],"immunologic":[22],"variation":[23],"individuals":[25],"response":[27],"to":[28,117,131,166],"is":[30],"important":[31],"for":[32,145],"developing":[33],"next-generation":[34],"efficacious":[35],"vaccines.":[36],"Accurate":[37],"outcome":[38,153],"prediction":[39,75,174],"and":[40,67,73,103,121,138,159],"identification":[41],"predictive":[43,143],"biomarkers":[44],"would":[45],"represent":[46],"step":[49],"towards":[50],"this":[51],"goal.":[52],"Moreover,":[53],"early":[55],"phase":[56],"clinical":[58],"trials,":[59],"small":[60,82],"datasets":[61],"are":[62],"prevalent,":[63],"raising":[64],"need":[66],"challenge":[68],"building":[70],"robust":[72],"explainable":[74],"model":[76,88,114],"that":[77],"reveal":[79],"heterogeneity":[80,148],"datasets.":[83],"We":[84,155],"propose":[85,110],"new":[87],"named":[89],"Generative":[90],"Mixture":[91],"Logistic":[93],"Regression":[94],"(GeM-LR),":[95],"which":[96],"combines":[97],"characteristics":[98],"both":[100],"generative":[102],"discriminative":[105],"model.":[106,125],"In":[107],"addition,":[108],"we":[109],"set":[112],"selection":[115],"strategies":[116],"enhance":[118],"robustness":[120],"interpretability":[122,137],"GeM-LR":[126,162,171],"extends":[127],"linear":[129],"classifier":[130,134],"non-linear":[133],"without":[135],"losing":[136],"empowers":[139],"notion":[141],"clustering":[144],"characterizing":[146],"data":[147,167],"connection":[150],"with":[151],"variable.":[154],"demonstrate":[156],"strengths":[158],"utility":[160],"applying":[164],"it":[165],"from":[168],"several":[169],"studies.":[170],"achieves":[172],"better":[173],"results":[175],"than":[176],"other":[177],"popular":[178],"methods":[179],"while":[180],"providing":[181],"interpretations":[182],"at":[183],"different":[184],"levels.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}