{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389042267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","title":"Why are different estimates of the effective reproductive number so different? A case study on COVID-19 in Germany","display_name":"Why are different estimates of the effective reproductive number so different? A case study on COVID-19 in Germany","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389042267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38011276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035511207","display_name":"Elisabeth K. Brockhaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1827-8670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth K. Brockhaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025955938","display_name":"Daniel Wolffram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-3669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71030271","display_name":"Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7bcy98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71030271"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Wolffram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","Computational Statistics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Statistics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71030271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055449742","display_name":"Tanja Stadler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-535X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12708293","display_name":"SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics","ror":"https://ror.org/002n09z45","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Stadler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland","Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12708293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088060174","display_name":"Michael Osthege","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2734-7624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Osthege","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, J\u00fclich, Germany","Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084267644","display_name":"Tanmay Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-4834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124929","display_name":"Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03d0p2685","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210124929"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tanmay Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Current address: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Current address: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010465021","display_name":"Jonas M. Littek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonas M. Littek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029889274","display_name":"Ekaterina Krymova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122261","display_name":"Swiss Data Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02hdt9m26","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4210122261","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ekaterina Krymova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Data Science Center, EPF Lausanne and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Data Science Center, EPF Lausanne and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122261","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071537811","display_name":"Anna J. Klesen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anna J. Klesen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055403650","display_name":"Jana S. Huisman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1782-8109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162773","display_name":"Living Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05sft7551","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jana S. Huisman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland","Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162773","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085431857","display_name":"Stefan Heyder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3371-4072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Heyder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075431427","display_name":"Laura M. Helleckes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7825-7998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laura M. Helleckes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, J\u00fclich, Germany","Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001172598","display_name":"Matthias an der Heiden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-4549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthias an der Heiden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058699536","display_name":"Sebastian Funk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2842-3406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Funk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom","Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083613572","display_name":"Sam Abbott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-8037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sam Abbott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom","Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081121618","display_name":"Johannes Bracher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-1410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71030271","display_name":"Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7bcy98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71030271"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Bracher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","Computational Statistics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Statistical Methods and Econometrics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Statistics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71030271"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001172598","https://openalex.org/A5010465021","https://openalex.org/A5025955938","https://openalex.org/A5029889274","https://openalex.org/A5035511207","https://openalex.org/A5055403650","https://openalex.org/A5055449742","https://openalex.org/A5058699536","https://openalex.org/A5071537811","https://openalex.org/A5075431427","https://openalex.org/A5081121618","https://openalex.org/A5083613572","https://openalex.org/A5084267644","https://openalex.org/A5085431857","https://openalex.org/A5088060174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I119449181","https://openalex.org/I12708293","https://openalex.org/I171892758","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210089966","https://openalex.org/I4210122261","https://openalex.org/I4210124929","https://openalex.org/I4210162773","https://openalex.org/I5124864","https://openalex.org/I63966007","https://openalex.org/I71030271","https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":3052,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3291},"fwci":3.0372,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91538231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"e1011653","last_page":"e1011653"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11987","display_name":"COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.6250526309013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.592036783695221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5793660283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.5046411752700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5016894340515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.4796093702316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.4637731909751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45555126667022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.45219334959983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.41718733310699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2878483533859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2124006152153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20350107550621033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17989790439605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.10709667205810547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.6250526309013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.592036783695221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5793660283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5046411752700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5016894340515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.4796093702316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.4637731909751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45555126667022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.45219334959983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41718733310699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2878483533859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2124006152153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20350107550621033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17989790439605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10709667205810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050936","descriptor_name":"Basic Reproduction Number","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050936","descriptor_name":"Basic Reproduction Number","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050936","descriptor_name":"Basic Reproduction Number","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050936","descriptor_name":"Basic Reproduction Number","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050936","descriptor_name":"Basic Reproduction Number","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050936","descriptor_name":"Basic Reproduction Number","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38011276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38011276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10703420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10703420","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10703420/pdf/pcbi.1011653.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Comput Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:4674397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/view/creators/eidesfun.html>;","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4674397/1/Brockhaus-etal-2023-What-are-different-estimates.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pcbi00:1011653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bcf0f16cbc4e48b6abc143d6e639646d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bcf0f16cbc4e48b6abc143d6e639646d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 19, Iss 11, p e1011653 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011653&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2134120411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Information and Data Science Pilot Project SIMCARD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","funder_display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2208160801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"210758/Z/18/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4612253761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"512483310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5106512922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6888588356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"210758","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8330397625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Funding","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/0281dp749"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389042267.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389042267.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999223777","https://openalex.org/W2097446414","https://openalex.org/W2117002055","https://openalex.org/W3004813438","https://openalex.org/W3008443627","https://openalex.org/W3009983851","https://openalex.org/W3015830833","https://openalex.org/W3022825990","https://openalex.org/W3031202235","https://openalex.org/W3044517943","https://openalex.org/W3080202266","https://openalex.org/W3092641410","https://openalex.org/W3094370258","https://openalex.org/W3106386073","https://openalex.org/W3111564425","https://openalex.org/W3111883190","https://openalex.org/W3112062398","https://openalex.org/W3119964976","https://openalex.org/W3124001654","https://openalex.org/W3135400494","https://openalex.org/W3164877493","https://openalex.org/W3166719420","https://openalex.org/W3175210170","https://openalex.org/W3175666822","https://openalex.org/W3177237588","https://openalex.org/W3202542567","https://openalex.org/W3202627776","https://openalex.org/W4200094107","https://openalex.org/W4238101571","https://openalex.org/W4280607490","https://openalex.org/W4281555292","https://openalex.org/W4283763349","https://openalex.org/W4290648800","https://openalex.org/W4309756861","https://openalex.org/W4311937973","https://openalex.org/W6912727656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964976023","https://openalex.org/W1982477181","https://openalex.org/W2403083015","https://openalex.org/W4285488523","https://openalex.org/W2011367623","https://openalex.org/W2734065904","https://openalex.org/W2027125286","https://openalex.org/W2049289069","https://openalex.org/W2809078847","https://openalex.org/W2067843453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"effective":[1,57],"reproductive":[2,58],"number":[3,59],"Rt":[4,181],"has":[5],"taken":[6],"a":[7,132],"central":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,62,64,172,177],"the":[11,18,44,55,70,75,98,125,146,153,178,190,193,204],"scientific,":[12],"political,":[13],"and":[14,36,43,66,109,165],"public":[15],"discussion":[16],"during":[17],"COVID-19":[19,61],"pandemic,":[20],"with":[21,203],"numerous":[22],"real-time":[23],"estimates":[24,32,53,73,100,126],"of":[25,54,60,134,180,192],"this":[26,48],"quantity":[27],"routinely":[28],"published.":[29],"Disagreement":[30],"between":[31,72],"can":[33],"be":[34,199],"substantial":[35],"may":[37,182],"lead":[38],"to":[39,112,140,145],"confusion":[40],"among":[41],"decision-makers":[42],"general":[45],"public.":[46],"In":[47],"work,":[49],"we":[50,123],"compare":[51],"different":[52,81,93,129],"national-level":[56],"Germany":[63],"2020":[65],"2021.":[67],"We":[68,169],"consider":[69],"agreement":[71,90],"from":[74,101],"same":[76],"method":[77],"but":[78],"published":[79],"at":[80,185],"time":[82,108,160],"points":[83],"(within-method":[84],"agreement)":[85],"as":[86,88,187,189],"well":[87],"retrospective":[89],"across":[91],"eight":[92],"approaches":[94],"(between-method":[95],"agreement).":[96],"Concerning":[97],"former,":[99],"some":[102],"methods":[103],"are":[104],"very":[105],"stable":[106],"over":[107],"hardly":[110],"subject":[111],"revisions,":[113],"while":[114],"others":[115],"display":[116],"considerable":[117],"fluctuations.":[118],"To":[119],"evaluate":[120],"between-method":[121],"agreement,":[122],"reproduce":[124],"generated":[127],"by":[128],"groups":[130],"using":[131],"variety":[133],"statistical":[135,162,194],"approaches,":[136],"standardizing":[137],"analytical":[138,150],"choices":[139,151,176],"assess":[141],"how":[142],"they":[143],"contribute":[144],"observed":[147],"disagreement.":[148],"These":[149],"include":[152],"data":[154,156],"source,":[155],"pre-processing,":[157],"assumed":[158],"generation":[159],"distribution,":[161],"tuning":[163],"parameters,":[164],"various":[166],"delay":[167],"distributions.":[168],"find":[170],"that":[171],"practice,":[173],"these":[174],"auxiliary":[175],"estimation":[179],"affect":[183],"results":[184],"least":[186],"strongly":[188],"selection":[191],"approach.":[195],"They":[196],"should":[197],"thus":[198],"communicated":[200],"transparently":[201],"along":[202],"estimates.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
